|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:25:30 GMT -5
10. United States Department of the Interior, Reports, September 1960, -402- U.S. Indian Population and Land: 1960, p. 25; U.S. Statutes at Large, XCVI, 2411-14; interview with Ms. Rousseau, June 16, 1993. 11. Sota lya Ye Yapi, June 17, 1993. 12. Interview with Ms. Rousseau, June 16, 1993; interview with Loretta B. Webster , Superintendent, Sisseton Agency, June 16, 1993. 13. Interview with Ms. Rousseau, June 16, 1993. 14. Interview with Ms. Rousseau, June 16, 1993; Sota lya Ye Yapi, June 17, 1993. 15. Interview with Ms. Rousseau, J une 16, 1993; Sota lya Ye Yapi, June 17, 1993. 16. Sota Iya Ye Yapi, June 17, 1993.
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:25:50 GMT -5
17. U.S. Statutes at Large, XCVI, 2515-17. 18. Ibid., 2517-19. 19. U.S. Indian Population and Land: 1960, p. 21; Realty Branch, Devils Lake Agency, Fort Totten, N. Dak., June 29, 1993. 20. Interview with Douglas Sevigny, Tribal Planner, Devils Lake Sioux Tribe, Fort Totten, N. Dak., June 29, 1993.
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:26:30 GMT -5
21. Interview with Mr. Sevigny, June 29, 1993. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid.
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:27:08 GMT -5
26. Interview with Judi Ami, Chief Executive Officer, Four Winds Elementary School, Fort Totten, N. Dak., June 29, 1993. 27. Interview with Eric Longie, Academic Dean, Little Hoop Community College, Fort Totten, N. Dak., June 29, 1993. 28. Interview with Mr. Longie, June 29, 1993. 29. Interviews with Cheryl Redearth and Gordon Jones Jr., members of Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribal Council, June 16, 1993; U.S. Indian Population and Land: 1960, p. 24. 30. Interview with Mr. Jones, June 16, 1993; Indian Country Today ( Rapid City, S. Dak.), March 24, 1993. 31. U.S. Statutes at large, XCIX, 549-50. 32. Interviews with Ms. Redearth and Mr. Jones, June 16, 1993. 33. Elizabeth Ebbott, Indians in Minnesota ( Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), pp. 31, 56. 34. Ebbott, p. 56. 35. Ibid., pp. 56, 194-95. 36. Ibid., p. 42 (Table 5). 37. U.S. Indian Population and Land: 1960, p. 14; Ebbott, p. 42 (Table 5). 38. Daily Republican Eagle ( Red Wing, Minn.), October 22 and 24, 1979. 39. Minneapolis Tribune, June 13, 1981. Campbell died on July 29, 1981. See Republican Eagle, July 30, 1981. 40. U.S. Statutes at Large, XCIX, 549-52; St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 15, -403-
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:28:05 GMT -5
1983; Star and Tribune ( Minneapolis), May 15 and 16, 1983. 41. Tribune, December 1, 1981. Tribal officials accused the couple living on the land of leasing some of it to farmers and pocketing the income. 42. St. Paul Dispatch, January 5, 1982; Tribune, September 1 and 10, 1982; Pioneer Press, September 10, 1982. Minnesota law limited bingo prizes to $100, but Indian tribes' immunity to state regulation permitted them to offer larger awards. The woman evicted from the t tribal land and her daughter opened an off-sale liquor store, "Firewall Liquors," in a mobile home. Star and Tribune, May 27, 1983.
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:28:38 GMT -5
43. Ruth Denny, "Indian Casinos Hit the Jackpot," Utne Reader, November-December, 1992, p. 35; Tribune, October 17, 1982; interview with Earl J. Barlow , Area Director, Minneapolis Area Office, Bureau of Indian Affairs, July 8, 1993. 44. Tribune, July 8 and September 1 and 10, 1982; Pioneer Press, August 28, 1982, and September 23, 1982. 45. Ebbott, p. 94; Pioneer Press, September 10 and October 16, 1982. 46. Tribune, December 23, 1982; Pioneer Press, February 24, 1984; Pioneer Press and Dispatch, May 14, 1986. 47. Pioneer Press, February 24 and 26, 1984; Dispatch, June 22, 1983. 48. Wayne Wangstad, "Bingo Is Cash Cornucopia for Shakopee Sioux Tribe," Pioneer Press, February 26, 1984. 49. Pioneer Press, August 12 and September 24, 1983; February 24, 1984; Pioneer Pres and Dispatch, February 13, 1985. 50. Pioneer Press, August 12 and September 24, 1983; "Pioneer Press and Dispatch", February 13 and August 31, 1985. This was not exactly the end of the controversy. In September 1985, the city council voted to appeal the case to the U.S. Supreme Court. See Star and Tribune, September 17, 1985. Since no further references to the matter have been found in newspapers, however, either the council had second thoughts, or else the Supreme Court declined to consider the case. 51. Pioneer Press, November 19 and December 24, 26, and 27, 1984; Dispatch, October 24, November 27 and 30, and December 27, 1984; Pioneer Press and Dispatch, January 18 and February 1 and 2, 1985. Much of the criticism of Crooks centered on the agreement he had made in 1982 with the company that built the bingo parlor, under the terms of which he and his wife were to receive $200,000 over a fifteen-year period for the taking of a small piece of land on which he had operated a tree-burning business. See Tribune, June 30, 1981; Pioneer Press and Dispatch, January 9 and 10, 1985. For further information on tribal infighting, see Pioneer Press and Dispatch, July 8, 1985; April 5, 1986; November 24 and December 7, 9, 12, and 22, 1987. 52. Pioneer Press and Dispatch, February 2 and 24, 1985; April 5, 1986. By late November 1987, it was said to be grossing between $18 million and $26 million annually, and by August 1990, $40 million. See Pioneer Press and Dispatch, November 24, 1987, and August 8, 1990. By May 1991, just before the -404- Mystic Lake Casino was opened, the tribe was said to have annual revenues of over $50 million and to be the largest year-around employer in Scott County. See Pioneer Press, May 12 and 19, 1991. 53. Star and Tribune, May 5, 1983; Dispatch, June 23, 1983, and December 13, 1983; Wayne Wangstad, "Mdewakanton Sioux Tribe to Join Bingo Bonanza," Pioneer Press, February 26, 1984; Republican Eagle, May 1992. 54. Wangstad, "Mdewakanton Sioux," Pioneer Press, February 26, 1984; February 29 and March 1, 1984. 55. Linda Kohl, "Plush Bingo Hall Draws Hundreds First Night," Dispatch, March 1, 1984; Tribune, January 3, 1985. 56. Pioneer Press and Dispatch, October 18, 1986; July 14 and November 24, 1988. 57. Pioneer Press and Dispatch, December 2 and 8, 1988; November 10 and 13, 1989; Republican Eagle, May 1992. 58. Star and Tribune, April 23, 1982; Pioneer Press, December 8, 1991. 59. Star and Tribune, March 2, 1986. 60. Star and Tribune, March 2, 1986; Pioneer Press and Dispatch, October 8, 1986; July 14, September 11, and December 2, 1987. 61. Anne Brataas, "Jackpot," Pioneer Press and Dispatch, November 11, 1990. 62. Pioneer Press and Dispatch, February 14 and June 20, 1985; Star and Tribune, April 18 and June 19, 1985. 63. Pioneer Press, January 2, 1992. 64. Ibid., January 21, 1991, and August 28, 1992. The article announcing the opening of the Firefly Creek Casino was headlined "Casino Glut?" 65. Pioneer Press, May 10, 1992. 66. Native American Press (Bemidji, Minn.), July 2, 1993; Republican Eagle, May 1992. 67. Pioneer Press, May 9, 1992. 68. Ibid., May 10 and 12, 1992. 69. Ibid., February 6, 1992 ; Star and Tribune, December 7, 1983. 70. Dispatch, December 13, 1983; Pioneer Press and Dispatch, May 14, 1986. 71. Star and Tribune, June 10, 1986; Pioneer Press, February 26, 1987, May 3 and 9, 1992; U.S. Statutes at Large, CII, 2467-88. 72. Indian Country Today, March 24, 1993; The Circle ( Minneapolis), April, 1993; U.S. Statutes at Large, CII, 2473. 73. Pioneer Press, May 10, 1992; interview with Mr. Barlow, July 8, 1993. 74. Ebbott, p. 101. 75. Pioneer Press and Dispatch, August 3, 1986. 76. Pioneer Press, February 22 and 26, and May 6, 1992. 77. Ibid., April 19 and May 17, 1991; March 24 and April 1, 1992. 78. Monika Bauerlein, "Nukes on the Reservation," Progressive, 55 ( November, 1991): 14; Pioneer Press, November 17 and 28, and December 5 and 13, 1991. 79. Pioneer Press, November 17 and December 18 and 24, 1991; March 27, -405-
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:29:05 GMT -5
1992, and April 17, 1993. The Prairie Island Tribal Council muddied the issue considerably at the very end of 1991 by submitting an application for $100,000 in federal funds, to be used to study the possibility of locating a temporary national waste storage plant on the island. Although tribal officials and their attorney insisted that this action was intended merely to call public attention to their situation, environmentalists who had been supporting the tribe in its battle with NSP were shocked by a move that seemed a reversal of its previous stand. It looked to some that if the tribe were offered enough money, they would "take the money and run," lease the reservation to the government, and buy a new reservation elsewhere. See Pioneer Press, January 10 and 12, 1992. 80. Pioneer Press, April 11, June 22 and 27, 1992. The PUC stuck to its position even after an earthquake in the Yucca Mountain area of Nevada made that location seem questionable as a storage site. See Pioneer Press, October 9, 1992. 81. The Circle, July 1993; Pioneer Press, July 29, 1993. 82. Mankato Free Press, September 11 and 16, 1972; September 15, 1984; and June 5, 1990; Pioneer Press and Dispatch, September 21, 1989. 83. Republican Eagle, June 5, 1990; Free Press, June 5, 1990; Nick Coleman, "Above the Bluff an Eagle Soared and Amos Was Buried," Pioneer Press and Dispatch, June 10, 1990. 84. Free Press, November 6, 1975. 85. Free Press, December 22 and 27, 1986; Pioneer Press and Dispatch, March 16, 1987. 86. Pioneer Press and Dispatch, November 29, 1987. 87. Republican Eagle, June 5, 1990; Free Press, June 5, 1990; Coleman, "Above the Bluff," Pioneer Press and Dispatch, June 10, 1990. 88. Pioneer Press, November 17, 1991. 89. Kendrick Frazier, People of Chaco ( New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1986), p. 206. 90. Peter Douglas Elias, The Dakota of the Canadian Northwest ( Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1988), pp. xiv, 224, and passim. -406- Appendix TREATIES WITH THE SANTEE SIOUX Pike's Treaty of 1805 Conference Between the United States of America and the Sioux Nation of Indians. WHEREAS, a conference held between the United States of America and the Sioux Nation of Indians, Lieut. Z. M. Pike, of the Army of the United States, and the chiefs and warriors of the said tribe, have agreed to the following articles, which when ratified and approved by the proper authority, shall be binding on both parties: ARTICLE I. That the Sioux Nation grants unto the United States for the purpose of the establishment of military posts, nine miles square at the mouth of the river St. Croix, also from below the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peters, up the Mississippi, to include the falls of St. Anthony, extending nine miles on each side of the river. That the Sioux Nation grants to the United States, the full sovereignty and power over said districts forever, without any let or hindrance whatsoever. ARTICLE 2. That in consideration of the above grants the United States (shall, prior to taking Possession thereof, pay to the Sioux two thousand dollars, or deliver the value thereof in such goods and merchandise as they shall choose). ARTICLE 3. The United States promise on their part to permit the Sioux to pass, repass, hunt or make other uses of the said districts, as they have formerly done, without any other exception, but those specified in article first. In testimony hereof, we, the undersigned, have hereunto set our -407- hands and seals, at the mouth of the river St. Peters, on the 23rd day of September, one thousand eight hundred and five. Z. M. PIKE, [SEAL] First Lieutenant and Agent at the above conference. LE PETIT CARBEAU, his x mark. [SEAL] WAY AGA ENOGEE, his x mark. [SEAL] From Charles J. Kappler, comp. and ed., Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, I I ( Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), 1031. -408- Treaty of 1837 Articles of a Treaty, made at the City of Washington, between Joel R. Poinsett, thereto specially authorized by the President of the United States, and certain chiefs and braves of the Sioux nation of Indians. ARTICLE 1st. The chiefs and braves representing the parties having an interest therein, cede to the United States all their land, east of the Mississippi river, and all their islands in said river. ARTICLE-2d. In consideration of the cession contained in the preceding article, the United States agree to the following stipulations on their part. First. To invest the sum of $300,000 (three hundred thousand dollars) in such safe and profitable State stocks as the President may direct, and to pay to the chiefs and braves as aforesaid, annually, forever, an income of not less than five per cent. thereon; a portion of said interest, not exceeding one third, to be applied in such manner as the President may direct, and the residue to be paid in specie, or in such other manner, and for such objects, as the proper authorities of the tribe may designate. Second. To pay to the relatives and friends of the chiefs and braves, as aforesaid, having not less than one quarter of Sioux blood, $110,000 (one hundred and ten thousand dollars,) to be distributed by the proper authorities of the tribe, upon principles to be determined by the chiefs and braves signing this treaty, and the War Department. Third. To apply the sum of $90,000 (ninety thousand dollars) to the payment of just debts of the Sioux Indians interested in the lands herewith ceded. Fourth. To pay to the chiefs and braves as aforesaid an annuity for twenty years of $10,000 (ten thousand dollars) in goods, to be purchased under the direction of the President, and delivered at the expense of the United States. Fifth. To expend annually for twenty years, for the benefit of Sioux Indians, parties to this treaty, the sum of $8,250 (eight thousand two hundred and fifty dollars) in the purchase of medicines, agricultural Implements and stock, and for the support of a physician, farmers, and blacksmiths, and for other beneficial objects. Sixth. In order to enable the Indians aforesaid to break up and improve their lands, the United States will supply, as soon as practicable, after the ratification of this treaty, agricultural implements, mechanics' -409- tools, cattle, and such other articles as may be useful to them, to an amount not exceeding $10,000 (ten thousand dollars.) Seventh. To expend annually, for twenty years, the sum of $5,500 (five thousand five hundred dollars) in the purchase of provisions, to be delivered at the expense of the United States. Eighth. To deliver to the chiefs and braves signing this treaty, upon their arrival at St. Louis, $6,000 (six thousand dollars) in goods. ARTICLE 3rd. [Stricken out by Senate.] ARTICLE 4th. This treaty shall be binding on the contracting parties as soon as it shall be ratified by the United States. In testimony whereof, the said Joel R. Poinsett, and the undersigned chiefs and braves of the Sioux nation, have hereunto set their hands, at the City of Washington, this 29th day of September A. D. 1837. [Signatures omitted.] From Charles J. Kappler, comp. and ed., Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, II ( Washington: Government Publishing Office, 1904), 493-494. -410-
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:29:33 GMT -5
Doty Treaties of 1841 Articles of a Treaty made and concluded at Oeyoowarha, on the Minnesota River, in the Territory of Iowa, between James Duane Doty, Commissioner on the part of the United States, and the Seeseeahto, Wofpato and Wofpakoota Bands of the Dakota (or Sioux) nation of Indians. ARTICLE I. The said Bands do hereby cede to the United States all their right, title and claim to the country occupied or claimed by the said Dakota nation, and particularly to the Tract of country now occupied and owned by the said Bands which is bounded and described as follows to wit: On the South, by the boundaries of the cession made to the United States by the said Bands by their Treaty concluded on the 15th of July 1830: On the East, by a line commencing on the said boundary, thirty miles from the bank of the Mississippi, and running parallel to the general course of the said river thirty miles west of the said river until the said line intersects a line drawn north and south one mile west of Shahkopa's village on Minnesota river, and by the said last mentioned line and the Mississippi and Crow-Wing rivers; On the north, by a line drawn easterly from a point one mile north of the Traders House on Hindahkea Lake (Lac Travers) to the said CrowWing river, and westerly from the said point to the head of the said Hindahkea Lake and thence to the first forks of the stream which enters Eahtonkah Lake near its head, and from the said forks to the western declivity of the Hray, or Coteau de Prairie; and on the west by the said western edge of the said Coteau de Prairie to the head of Eahn river ( Rock river) where the boundary line of the said cession of 1830 Passes the said river: But the right of hunting and fishing as heretofore on the tract above described is reserved to the said Bands until the same is disposed of by the government of the United States to other tribes or persons. ARTICLE II. The preceding cession is made to the United States upon the following conditions, to wit: First. That all that part of the country hereby ceded (or so much thereof as may be deemed to be necessary by the government of the United States) as lies north of latitude forty three degrees and thirty minutes, shall be set apart as an Indian Territory, and allotted to people of the Indian blood, for agricultural purposes, and within which no white man shall be allowed to settle or remain except by the permission of the President. -411- Second. That whenever the chiefs of any band, or persons of the Indian blood shall desire to have a settlement made for agricultural purposes the President shall cause a sufficient portion of the land which shall have been allotted to such tribe or persons to be surveyed into lots of one hundred acres each (as near as may be) and one quarter of a mile in width in front if the said lot shall be located on a river or a lake: Third. That all persons within the said Territory shall be subject to such government, rules and regulations as shall be established by the Government of the United States therein; and a Governor or Superintendent shall be appointed therefor: Fourth. That all such persons who shall become inhabitants of the said Territory and occupy and cultivate for two years such tract as may be allotted to them, shall be entitled to receive a patent from the President of the United States therefor, and shall hold the said tract in fee simple, but shall be incapable of selling, transferring, leasing or otherwise disposing of such tract to any person other than a person of the Indian blood and to such person only with the assent of the Governor or Superintendent of the said Territory. And the estates of all persons who shall decease within the said Territory (and until other provision shall be made) shall descend according to the rule of the civil law. Fifth. That every person who shall become a settler and cultivator, as aforesaid on the terms aforesaid, and who in the opinion of the said Governor is civilized, shall be entitled to have his or her name, by making personal application therefor, recorded in a register to be kept by said officer, and on such record being so made, shall become a citizen of the United States: Sixth. That there shall be allotted to the Lower Seeseeahto Band a tract of one hundred thousand acres of land, on the east bank of Minnesota river at Eminnezhadah, twenty four miles in front on said river and six miles in depth; To the Upper Seeseeahto Band two hundred thousand acres on the east bank of Eahtonkah and Hindahkea Lakes, forty miles in front on said lakes, and eight miles in depth, for themselves and for such Wofpato and other Indians as choose to settle with them with their assent; To the Upper Wofpato Band one hundred thousand acres on the east bank of Minnesota river and Eadah Lake, and adjoining the last mentioned tract; To the Lower Wofpato Band fifty thousand acres on the west bank of the Minnesota river, commencing at the boundary line of the cession made by this treaty, and running up the said river to a point four miles above Eahchaahkah or Little rapids; -412- And to the Wofpakoota Band seventy thousand acres on the west bank of Minnesota river, at Oeyoowarha, having a front on two sides on said river and bounded in rear by a line commencing at Mahyahshkadah or White Rock, and running thence ten miles west and thence south to Minnesota river. Seventh. That settlements shall be commenced at the following places, to wit: at Eahchaahkah, or Little rapids; at Oeyooworha, or Traverse des Sioux; at Mukahto, or the mouth of Blue Earth river; at Wauhahozhoo or the mouth of Cottonwood river; at Eminnezhadah, or Petit Rocher; at Eadah or Lac qui parle; and at Eahtonkah or Big Stone Lake. There shall be reserved at the mouth of Mukahto river a tract of land on either bank for the use and residence of the Governor or Superintendent. Grist and saw-mills, and such other machinery for manufacturing as shall be necessary, shall be erected at the expense of the United States at each of the said places as they shall be required, or at such places nearest to those named where sufficient water power can be obtained for the purposes of said mills, provided the cost of said mills and the dams shall not exceed the sum of thirty thousand dollars: Eighth. The United States shall cause to be fenced and ploughed ten acres of land (if required) for every person who shall settle at either of the places above named, and furnish to each family such farming utensils, spinning wheels and looms as may be necessary, and seed wheat, corn, potatoes and garden seeds the first two years; and shall also furnish to each settler one yoke of oxen, one cow, five sheep and two swine and build a house, on the tract occupied by the settler, for his use, the cost of which shall not exceed one hundred dollars. And if any Indian shall kill or destroy any of said animals belonging to another person, the value thereof shall be deducted from his annuity and the agent shall purchase another like animal therewith and deliver the same to the person whose animal was destroyed. Nineth. The United States shall also establish schools at each of the said places in which the children of the inhabitants of the said Territory shall be admitted when in the opinion of the Superintendent (and at the request of the chiefs) schools shall be required; and the sum of twenty thousand dollars shall be set apart for said purpose and invested in stock until it shall be so required, and the interest accruing thereon shall be reinvested annually. And the Superintendent (or Governor) shall appoint teachers for the said schools, and employ millers to tend the mills when erected, and the farmers and mechanics and workmen at each of said places to teach the said Indians how to cultivate the earth, and also the most useful mechanic arts. Female teachers -413- shall likewise be employed at each of said stations, to teach the Indian women the arts of domestic life; and to each of said persons an adequate compensation for their services shall be paid by the United States not exceeding five hundred dollars to each person per annum, but the sum of one thousand dollars per annum may be allowed to the male and female Superintendents whenever they shall become necessary. A blacksmiths house and shop shall be built at each of said places and a blacksmith employed for each, and supplied with iron and steel, and the whole cost at each place shall not exceed one thousand dollars annually. And five thousand dollars shall be annually expended by the United States in the purchase of medicines and the support of physicians at each of said settlements if required. Tenth. An agent for the Upper Seeseeahto band shall be appointed to reside at Eatonkah, who shall receive an annual salary of twelve hundred dollars and hold his office during good behavior and be removable by the President; and one at Eminnezhadah for the Lower Seeseeahto band; one at Eahchaahkah for the lower Wofpato band, one at Eadah for the Upper Wofpato band and one at Mukahto for the Wofpakoota band, with like salaries; and the said agents shall be the Interpreters for the said bands. It shall be the duty of said agents to take charge of the affairs and interests of the said bands as well as those of the government, and to see that the stipulations of this treaty are fulfilled by each of the parties thereto; and shall also perform such other duties as may be required of them by the government of the United States and said agents shall be in all respects under the orders and directions of the Governor of the said Territory. And all payments to be made by the United States to the said Bands shall be made at the said places last named. Houses shall be built for the said agents, the cost of which shall not exceed eight hundred dollars each. The Half breeds or persons of the Indian or mixed blood may settle at either of the above named places. The preceding stipulations for the employment of farmers, millers, mechanics, blacksmiths, teachers and agents shall continue in force for the term of twenty years. Eleventh. The Superintendent or Governor of the said Territory shall appoint a trader for each band, for the term of four years (unless sooner removed by the President, for cause) who shall give such security as shall be required of him by the Governor that he will comply with all the laws for the regulation of trade with the Indians and for the government of said Territory, and will furnish to the said band such goods as shall be required of him by the chiefs and their agent, and keep a -414- sufficient supply constantly on hand. And whenever a family or band shall require any article of merchandise, and desire to purchase it of the said trader, they shall first obtain the permission of their agent who shall keep an account of the articles he allows each person to purchase and his name. The trader shall also keep a similar account in which he shall also charge the price of the article; and such trader shall be allowed to sell to two thirds of the amount of the annuity due to each Indian and the same shall be paid to him by the agent at the time of the payment of the annuity if the Indian shall have traded to that amount with him, and the remaining third and the balance of the annuity if any which may be due to him shall be paid in specie to each Indian. The said trade shall only be permitted by the agent at such periods of the year when he shall be satisfied that the articles applied for by the Indians will be most useful to them; and the books of the trader shall be subject to the inspection of the Governor and agent or either of them. The trader and the agent shall annually in the month of December make an invoice of
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:29:57 GMT -5
the goods which they shall deem necessary for the supply of the band the ensuing year, and the trader shall without delay take the proper steps to purchase them and have them at the establishment on or before the first day of July in each year. The said trader shall present his invoice of purchases to the Governor who shall fix the prices, at a reasonable rate per centum on the cost and charges, at which the goods shall be sold to the Indians, being first satisfied that the goods have been purchased at the usual rates. And the said trader shall sell the said goods to the Indians at such prices as shall be established by the Governor and receive his payment accordingly from the annuity. The trader for the Lower Wofpato Band shall reside at Eahchaahkah (Little Rapids) on the Minnesota river; for the Upper Wofpato Band at Eadah (Lac qui parle); for the Wofpakoota Band at Oeyooworha (Traverse des Sioux); for the lower Seeseeahto Band at Eminnezhadah (Petit Rocher) and for the Upper Seeseeahto Band at such point as may be selected by the Governor on Eahtonkah Lake. The intent of this provision for traders is, to secure the goods, which the Indians require, at reasonable rates, and at those periods of the year when they are in the greatest need of them. Twelfth. To prevent disturbances and to preserve peace among the nations to be settled in the said Territory, the United States agree to erect forts and garrison them so long as they may be necessary on Eahtonkah Lake and on the bank of the Minnesota river directly opposite the mouth of Mukahto river. The United States shall also -415- construct a good wagon road from Mindota (or the mouth [of] St. Peters River) to the several places herein selected for the agricultural settlements; provided the said road shall not cost more than thirty thousand dollars; and shall also expend thirty thousand dollars in removing the obstructions to the navigation of the said Minnesota river. Thirteenth. The United States shall invest the sum of one million of dollars in some safe stock and pay to the said Indian Bands on the first Monday in July annually forever an income of not less than five per cent thereon in specie; and the President is hereby authorized to reserve one third of the said income in any year, and as often as it shall be required, as a contingent fund to be expended for the benefit of the said Bands equally, if in his judgment such reservation shall be necessary; and the amount so reserved shall be expended accordingly or otherwise be paid to the said Bands in specie at the next annual payment; said annuity to be paid in equal proportions to each of said three Bands of Wofpatos, Wofpakootas, and Seeseeahtos, that is to say the one third of said annuity to each band annually. Fourteenth. That the United States shall deliver to the said Bands for the term of ten years, by the said agents and at such seasons as the said agents shall deem most useful to them, one hundred and fifty barrels of pork, three hundred barrels of flour, four thousand pounds of tobacco, and and [sic] on the conclusion of this treaty there shall be delivered to the chiefs of the said bands at Oeyooworha to the amount of ten thousand dollars, in goods and provisions including those provisions which have been distributed at the making of this treaty. But the President may, whenever he shall be satisfied the said bands do not require the said pork and flour or at the request of the chiefs of said Bands discontinue the delivery of the same, and pay the value thereof to the said bands in specie as a part of their annuity. And five thousand dollars shall be expended by the United States in the purchase of horses to be delivered to the chiefs and principal men of the said bands within one year from the date of this Treaty as a present to them. And the United States will pay the said Bands eight thousand dollars in horses annually for ten years being in lieu of provisions which it was at first agreed should be delivered to the said Bands. ART. III. Several claims of settlers and traders which are believed to be just having been presented to the Commissioner against the said Bands, at the special request of the said Bands it is agreed that all debts and claims against the said Bands shall be referred to the Governor of the Territory of Iowa, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs of Michigan -416- and the said Commissioner, who are hereby authorized to adjudicate thereon, and such sum or sums, not exceeding one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, as shall be found by a majority of them to be equitably and justly due to the said claimants shall be paid by the United States as a part of the consideration of the cession aforesaid. ART. IV. If either of the preceding articles or stipulations shall be rejected by the Senate of the United States, the whole of this treaty shall be null and void. Done at Oeyooworha this thirty first day of July A. D. one thousand eight hundred and forty one. [Signatures omitted.] Letter from Doty to the Secretary of War Mindota (St. Peters) August 4, 1841 The Hon. John Bell Sec'y of War SIR I have the honour to transmit herewith a Treaty which was concluded on the 31st. July at Oeyoowora, with the chiefs and principal warriors of the Wofpakoota, Wofpato and Seeseeahto Bands of the Dakota nation, and which has also the signature of one of the Eyankto chiefs whose village is at Hindakeah Lake. Maps are also enclosed, which present an imperfect sketch of the country, but which are the most accurate I could obtain after receiving your instructions. On the map of the Minnesota river, I have marked the tracts selected for the permanent occupation of these Bands of Agriculturalists. Two of the Bands were found divided into separate villages, far apart, and they could not be reunited at present. They were not pressed much upon this point, as settlements of other Indians must be made at the same places, on the opposite side of the river, and adjoining them, who will require the services of the agents who are to be appointed there. It will be perceived that they are all upon the north bank of the river, and the greatest number on the northern and least valuable part of the cession. The Dakota nation occupies the entire territory which lies between the Mississippi & the Missouri rivers, north of the cession made to the United States in the year 1830. The nation is divided into five bands which occupy distinct portions of the territory, as much so as though they -417- were independent tribes. Their names are Mindawaukanto, Wofpakoota, Wofpato, Seeseeahto & Eyankto. I do not find that the bands ever meet in general council as a nation, though they are regarded as one nation in all the wars which are prosecuted with them. They are now at war on their eastern border with the Chippeways, on their western with the Omahaws, and on their southern with the Saukees, Foxes & Pootowotomees. There is therefore no part of their country in which they can feel secure against an enemy. This Treaty conveys to the United States about thirty millions of acres, of which less than one third is waste land. The consideration to be paid is a little less than thirteen hundred thousand dollars. A larger tract was treated for than was suggested in your instructions; but a tract of five millions of acres only, which should be of so good a quality that each one hundred acres would possess a sufficient quantity of prairie and timber, and an adequate supply of water for a farm, is not to be found in this region. After a particular examination of that part of the Dakota country which lies upon, and in the vicinity of the Minnesota river, no doubt was entertained that the settlements to be made by the Indians, must be confined for many years to the borders of the streams. On leaving the banks of this river, the prairies north and west are extensive, & without running water. The "lakes" in its vicinity I find are generally ponds, filled with rushes and maynomin, and at this season of the year (altho it is said to be quite unusual) many of them are dry, so that there is great difficulty in obtaining water to drink. But the soil is every where rich, and the higher the prairie, the better the land seems to be-with the exception of the bottoms of the rivers, which are not surpassed for depth of soil or fertility, by any streams in the western states. This will certainly be a very good country for those tribes which have made little or no advance in husbandry, and who must have an opportunity to hunt occasionally. The Dakotas have many large fields of corn on the banks of the Minnesota, from its mouth to its source. I am informed that it is a perfectly safe crop, & that at Eadah Lake (or Lac qui parle) the yield is seldom less than fifty bushels to the acre. At Oeyoowora I found it was large enough to eat on the 13th of July--and it is now too hard to be eaten boiled. The valley or bottoms of the Minnesota, are from one to three miles in width, and there is generally a prairie on one side of the stream, and timber on the opposite bank. Above the rapids (which are fifty miles from its mouth, & to which point the river may be navigated by steam -418- boats) there is a district about twenty five miles long, which is known as the Free Wood district. The timber is cotton wood (very large) elm, ash, maple, black walnut, cherry & butternut, and the banks are cover'd with sumach, sweet elder & grape vines on which there are many clusters of grapes now ripe. In the beds of the small streams which enter the river in this district, I found several excellent specimens of coal, and in such quantities as to leave no doubt that the hills by which the valley is bounded in this distance [district], are filled with this mineral which will possess a great value in this country. From the hills on the margin above this district, I also obtained good specimens of copper & or iron ore; & there is no doubt that copper is abundant on Mukahto river. All of these specimens will be forwarded to the Department by first opportunity. The country on the south of the Minnesota, as far as the boundary of the cession made by these Bands in 1830, from the mouth of Mukahto (Blue Earth) river, & extending east to the margin of the Mississippi is exceedingly rich and fertile, well watered by lakes & small streams, and with proportionate quantities of prairie & timber. Every mile square of it is good. I endeavoured to obtain a cession of a portion of this, with the western part of the Minnesota valley, but difficulties were interposed by other Bands which were insurmountable, & I found it was easier to obtain the whole, by treating with all of the Bands, than a small portion. And these were the only terms upon which they would consent to settle as agriculturalists north of the Minnesota, for as long as they retained any country south, they would remain there. They have been so well informed, & of late so well instructed by the advantages which other neighbouring Indians have derived from their treating with the United States, that to obtain any portion of their land, liberal provisions were unavoidable. It therefore became necessary, in my opinion, to compensate the govt. for these provisions by the cession of the whole country, that after having placed the various bands in the north west in situations which will be acceptable to them--and without being cramped for territory in doing so--it may sell a portion of it to remunerate itself for the purchase. Besides, in treating with the Indians who are to settle there, the tract which is allotted to them may be made a part of the consideration which is given for the lands from which they are to remove. Also, many of the provisions of this Treaty are of such a nature that the government will be relieved from the necessity of making similar ones with other tribes on their removal to this country, but which would otherwise be required. They are of general benefit to all -419- who may settle, and as much for the advantage of emigrants as that of these bands. And they are indispensable to the formation and prosperity of the settlement. From the observations which I have made since my arrival here, I am satisfied that the best interests of the settlement will be promoted, by erecting in the first instance the whole of the country between the Mississippi & Missouri rivers, and north of latitude 43‹ 30Œ to latitude 46 into an Indian Territory, but confining the settlements to the centre of the territory as far as practicable. This will prevent the Indians from having daily intercourse with the whiskey traders--a distinct class from the regular traders of the country. I now find them spread along the eastern bank of the Mississippi engaged in this trafic [sic] & buying the goods, corn, and other provisions which have been delivered to the Mississippi bands by the United States. At least four barrels of whiskey were bought of these traders & brought to the treaty ground at Oeyoowora by Indians the use of which was with the greatest difficulty restrained pending the negotiation. It seems that these men have enjoyed this illicit trafic so long, that it no longer attracts the attention of the agents of government in this quarter. I would therefore place the Indians so far from the borders of these rivers as practicable, and also from any land belonging to the United States upon which these people can squat. This treaty provides for a radical change in the policy of the United States towards the Indians, & which I presume will mark the policy of this Administration hereafter. It provides a mode by which persons of the Indian blood can become citizens of the United States. It is the fulfilment of the promise which the white man made the Indian, when he landed on this continent. It has often been renewed, with the assurance that so soon as the Indian became civilized he should be entitled to the civil and political privileges of our own citizens. This provision leaves it for the Indian to determine whether he will avail himself of this privilege or not. It provides a mode by which an Indian may become the individual owner of the land he occupies, & hold it by patent from the President. This establishes the object of property in the soil in individuals, & with the assent of the Indian, establishes the law of descent. It provides for a radical change in the system of Indian Trade, so far at least as that trade is dependent on the annuities. The Govt. will now be able to regulate and controul the trade, having the privilege to appoint and remove the trader and to fix his prices, without the danger -420-
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:30:21 GMT -5
which now exists from the competition of rival Traders, who are in no respect dependent upon the Government. It provides for a change in the mode & place of payment of annuities, which by the present system are the bane of the Indians. They are not required to leave their villages to receive their goods or money, and are not therefore, at that period which is most dangerous, to their morals at least, brought into the white settlements. The whole amount is not to be paid to them at once, but they may receive to two thirds of the amount of their annuity of their trader, at such periods of the year, and in such articles, as in the opinion of their agent their circumstances demand. They will thus receive their annuity when it will be most useful to them. In consequence of the failure of government to pay to Indians their annuities at the time appointed by the treaties with them, and at the seasons of the year when these necessities require, the supplies which they can only obtain on a credit from their traders, or with their annuities, the system of credits has been continued, and indeed been absolutely necessary in many instances to save the Indian from suffering. Nothing but punctuality on the part of Govt. can establish the relations which ought to exist between the Indians and the Govt.--that is, the Indians should feel dependent on the Government, and not on the Trader. Unless this dependence is established, it is in vain for the Govt. to attempt to exercise any influence over them, except that of force. The provision in favour of an examination of the Traders claims was made, from the obligation which the Indians of this country acknowledge themselves to be under for the credits which they have given them for goods when they were in need, and the various benefits which they have bestow'd upon them at their establishments. The justice and validity of these claims they admitted, and desired that an allowance should be made, and also a stipulation for their immediate payment. This could not be done, because time would not permit, and because of the assurance which was felt that the Department would prefer to have the subject under its controul. One of the commissioners at least is intimately acquainted with the extent and character of the trade with these Bands for more than twenty year, & to this I may add my own knowledge of the persons engaged in the trade for about the same period. My own opinion is, that the just claims cannot exceed fifty thousand dollars. This Treaty also provides a permanent home for the Half-Breeds, or persons of the Indian Blood, of the north west, who number about two -421- thousand, and who are now floating between savage & civilized life, without being attached to either. In other Treaties, provision in money has been made for them, but this has been of no real advantage to them, as the money has either been immediately squandered, or given into the hands of white men who have been unable to return it. Experience has shown that this class must be used in any attempt to civilize the Indians. They are the connecting link between the savage & civilized man, & ought to be employed by government as its agents, interpreters & teachers, where they possess, as they frequently do, the requisite qualifications. An opportunity will thus be given them to establish a character for themselves, to obtain a place in civilized life, I might say among human beings, for Indian Blood, and it will be for their interest to be faithful and give their best efforts in aid of the purposes of government--many of them are well educated, & the example of those who are farmers, and mechanics, as well as their teaching, will be most beneficial to the Indians. I have the honour to be, with great respect Your most obedient servant J. D. DOTY Articles of a Treaty made and concluded at Mindota, in the Territory of Iowa, between James Duane Doty, Commissioner on the part of the United States, and the Minda Waukanto Bands of the Dakota Nation. ARTICLE I. The chiefs and warriors of the said bands do hereby cede to the United States all of the right, title and claim of the said Bands to the country West of the Mississippi river. ARTICLE II. The preceding cession is made and accepted upon the conditions contained in the first five and the eighth and eleventh sections or clauses of the second article of the Treaty concluded between the United States and the Wofpato, Wofpakoota and Seeseeahto Bands of the Dakota nation on the thirty-first day of July A.D. one thousand eight hundred and forty-one at Oeyoowora. And the said Bands parties hereto, agree to remove to the north side of Minnesota river, at their own expense, and occupy as agriculturists such tracts as shall be allotted to them, allowing one hundred acres to each soul. The said Bands shall be at liberty to choose their places of residence either at Eachaahkah, opposite Mukahto, or below the Wofpakoota reservation; and the agents residing nearest to the places at which they -422- shall become settled, shall perform the duties of agents for the said Bands. ARTICLE III. The United States agree to invest in some safe stock the sum of sixty thousand dollars, for the benefit of the Shahkopa Band, and to pay to the said Band annually forever an interest thereof of not less than five per centum in the month of June, commencing with the month of June 1842. Also the sum of sixty-six thousand dollars for the benefit of the Waukea Tonka Band and to pay to the said Band annually forever an interest thereon of not less than five per centum. And also the sum of eighty thousand dollars for the benefit of the Waumunde Tonka, Mukapa Wichasta and Tahchunkah Washta Bands and to pay to the said Bands together annually forever an interest thereon of not less than five per centum. And the United States agree to deliver to the said Bands, twenty-five hundred and twelve dollars worth of goods and provisions, the receipt of which the said Bands do hereby acknowledge to have received of the said Commissioner. It is also agreed that the Shahkopee Band may settle next above the Wofpato Band at Eachaahkah; and the Waukea Tonka Band next below the Wofpakoota Band at Mahyashkadah. ARTICLE IV. The United States agree to appoint three traders for the said Bands, according to the provisions of the said eleventh section of the said Treaty; and all payment to the said Bands either in money or goods shall be made at the three villages which may be established by them as aforesaid. And the United States also agree that all of the conditions and stipulations of the Treaty with the said Minda Waukanto Bands, concluded on the 29th day of September A.D. 1837, shall be and remain valid, and shall be executed and performed on its part, at the said villages; and the whole amount of the income provided for in the second article of the said Treaty, shall be paid to the said bands as aforesaid, in proportion to their numbers. Done at Mindota, this eleventh day of August A.D. one thousand eight hundred and forty-one. [No signatures on manuscript.] From NARS, RG 75, LR, St. Peter's Agency, Roll 759 ( 1840-1844). The first treaty is also found in Thomas Hughes, Old Traverse Des Sioux ( St. Peter, Minn.: Herald Publishing Co., 1929), pp. 166-170. -423- Treaty of Traverse des Sioux Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Traverse des Sioux, upon the Minnesota River, in the Territory of Minnesota, on the twenty-third day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, between the United States of America, by Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Alexander Ramsey governor and exofficio superintendent of Indian affairs in said Territory, commissioners duly appointed for that purpose, and See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians.ARTICLE 1. It is stipulated and solemnly agreed that the peace and friendship now so happily existing between the United States and the aforesaid bands of Indians, shall be perpetual.ARTICLE 2. The said See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians, agree to cede, and do hereby cede, sell, and relinquish to the United States, all of their lands in the State of Iowa; and, also all their lands in the Territory of Minnesota, lying cast of the following line, to wit: Beginning at the junction of the Buffalo River with the Red River of the North; thence along the western bank of said Red River of the North, to the mouth of the Sioux Wood River; thence along the western bank of said Sioux Wood River to Lake Traverse; thence, along the western shore of said lake, to the southern extremity thereof; thence in a direct line, to the junction of Kampeska Lake with the Tchan-kas-an-data, or Sioux River; thence along the western bank of said river to its point of intersection with the northern line of the State of Iowa; including all the islands in said rivers and lake.ARTICLE 3. [Stricken out.]ARTICLE 4. In further and full consideration of said cession, the United States agree to pay to said Indians the sum of one million six hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars ($1,665,000) at the several times, in the manner and for the purposes following, to wit: 1st. To the chiefs of the said bands, to enable them to settle their affairs and comply with their present just engagement; and in consideration of their removing themselves to the country set apart for them as above, which they agree to do within two years, or sooner, if required by the President, without further cost or expense to the United States, and in consideration of their subsisting themselves the first year after their removal, which they agree to do without further cost or expense on the part of the United States, the sum of two hundred and -424- seventy-five thousand dollars, ($275,000): Provided, That said sum shall be paid to the chiefs in such manner as they, hereafter, in open council shall request, and as soon after the removal of said Indians to the home set apart for them, as the necessary appropriation therefor shall be made by Congress. 2d. To be laid out under the direction of the President for the establishment of manual-labor schools; the erection of mills and blacksmith shops, opening farms, fencing and breaking land, and for such other beneficial objects as may be deemed most conducive to the prosperity and happiness of said Indians, thirty thousand dollars, ($30,000). The balance of said sum of one million six hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars, ($1,665,000,) to wit: one million three hundred and sixty thousand dollars ($1,360,000) to remain in trust with the United States, and five per cent. interest thereon to be paid, annually, to said Indians for the period of fifty years, commencing the first day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-two (1852), which shall be in full payment of said balance, principal and interest, the said payment to be applied under the direction of the President, as follows, to wit: 3d. For a general agricultural improvement and civilization fund, the sum of twelve thousand dollars, ($12,000.) 4th. For educational purposes, the sum of six thousand dollars, ($6,000.) 5th. For the purchase of goods and provisions, the sum of ten thousand dollars, ($10,000). 6th. For money annuity, the sum of forty thousand dollars, ($40,000) ARTICLE 5. The laws of the United States prohibiting the introduction and sale of spirituous liquors in the Indian country shall be in full force and effect throughout the territory hereby ceded and lying in Minnesota until otherwise directed by Congress or the President of the United States. ARTICLE 6. Rules and regulations to protect the rights of persons and property among the Indians, parties to this treaty, and adapted to their condition and wants, may be prescribed and enforced in such manner as the President or the Congress of the United States, from time to time shall direct. In testimony whereof, the said Commissioners, Luke Lea and Alexander Ramsey, and the undersigned Chiefs and Headmen of the aforesaid See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians, have hereunto subscribed their names and affixed their seals, in duplicate, -425- at Traverse des Sioux, Territory of Minnesota, this twenty-third day of July, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one. [Signatures omitted.] SUPPLEMENTAL ARTICLE. 1st. The United States do hereby stipulate to pay the Sioux bands of Indians, parties of this treaty, at the rate of ten cents per acre, for the lands included in the reservation provided for in the third article of the treaty as originally agreed upon in the following words: "ARTICLE 3. In part consideration of the foregoing cession, the United States do hereby set apart for the future occupancy and home of the Dakota Indians, parties of this treaty, to be held by them as Indian lands are held, all that tract of country on either side of the Minnesota River, from the western boundary of the lands herein ceded, east, to the Tchay-tam-bay River on the north, and to Yellow Medicine River on the south side, to extend on each side, a distance of not less than ten miles from the general course of said river; the boundaries of said tract to be marked out by as straight lines as practicable, whenever deemed expedient by the President, and in such manner as he shall direct:" which article has been stricken out of the treaty by the Senate, the said payment to be in lieu of said reservation: the amount when ascertained under instructions from the Department of the Interior, to be added to the trust-fund provided for in the fourth article. 2d. It is further stipulated, that the President be authorized, with the assent of the said band of Indians, parties to this treaty, and as soon after they shall have given their assent to the foregoing article, as may be convenient, to cause to be set apart by appropriate landmarks and boundaries, such tracts of country without the limits of the cession made by the first [2d] article of the treaty as may be satisfactory for their future occupancy and home: Provided, That the President may, by the consent of these Indians, vary the conditions aforesaid if deemed expedient. From Charles J. Kappler, comp. and ed., Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, II ( Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), 588-590. The treaty of Mendota, signed August 5, 1851, is essentially the same as that of Traverse des Sioux, except for descriptions of lands ceded and lands held as a reservation, and amounts paid by the United States. -426- The following additional paragraph is included: "The entire annuity, provided for in the first section of the second article of the treaty of September twenty-ninth, eighteen hundred and thirty-seven, (1837), including an unexpended balance that may be in the Treasury on the first of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-two, (1852), shall thereafter be paid in money." See Kappler, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, II 591-593. -427- Treaty of 1867 WHEREAS it is understood that a portion of the Sissiton and Warpeton bands of Santee Sioux Indians, numbering from twelve hundred to fifteen hundred persons, not only preserved their obligations to the Government of the United States, during and since the outbreak of the Medewakantons and other bands of Sioux in 1862, but freely perilled their lives during that outbreak to rescue the residents on the Sioux reservation, and to obtain possession of white women and children made captives by the hostile bands; and that another portion of said Sissiton and Warpeton bands, numbering from one thousand to twelve hundred persons, who did not participate in the massacre of the whites in 1862, fearing the indiscriminate vengeance of the whites, fled to the great prairies of the Northwest, where they still remain; and WHEREAS Congress, in confiscating the Sioux annuities and reservations, made no provision for the support of these, the friendly portion of the Sissiton and Warpeton bands, and it is believed they have been suffered to remain homeless wanderers, frequently subject to intense sufferings from want of subsistence and clothing to protect them from the rigors of a high northern latitude, although at all times prompt in rendering service when called upon to repel hostile raids and to punish depredations committed by hostile Indians upon the persons and property of the whites; and WHEREAS the several subdivisions of the friendly Sissitons and Warpetons bands ask, through their representatives, that their adherence to their former obligations of friendship to the Government and people of the United States be recognized, and that provision be made to enable them to return to an agricultural life and be relieved from a dependence upon the chase for a precarious subsistence: THEREFORE, A treaty has been made and entered into, at Washington City, District of Columbia, this nineteenth day of February, A.D. 1867, by and between Lewis V. Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and William H. Watson, commissioners, on the part of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs and head-men of the Sissiton and Warpeton bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians, as follows, to wit: ARTICLE 1. The Sissiton and Warpeton bands of Dakota Sioux Indians, represented in council, will continue their friendly relations with the Government and people of the United States, and bind themselves individually and collectively to use their influence to the extent of their -428- ability to prevent other bands of Dakota or other adjacent tribes from making hostile demonstrations against the Government or people of the United States. ARTICLE 2. The said bands hereby cede to the United States the right to construct wagon-roads, railroads, mail stations, telegraph lines, and such other public improvements as the interest of the Government may require, over and across the lands claimed by said bands, (including their reservation as hereinafter designated) over any route or routes that that may be selected by the authority of the Government, said lands so claimed being bounded on the south and east by the treaty-line of 1851, and the Red River of the North to the mouth of Goose River; on the north by the Goose River and a line running from the source thereof by the most westerly point of Devil's Lake to the Chief's Bluff at the head of James River, and on the west by the James River to the mouth of Mocasin River, and thence to Kampeska Lake. ARTICLE 3. For and in consideration of the cession above mentioned, and in consideration of the faithful and important services said to have been rendered by the friendly bands of Sissitons and Warpeton Sioux here represented, and also in consideration of the confiscation of all their annuities, reservations, and improvements, it is agreed that there shall be set apart for the members of said bands who have heretofore surrendered to the authorities of the Government, and were not sent to the Crow Creek reservation, and for the members of said bands who were released from prison in 1866, the following-described lands as a permanent reservation, viz: Beginning at the head of Lake Travers[e], and thence along the treaty-line of the treaty of 1851 to Kampeska Lake; thence in a direct line to Reipan or the northeast point of the Coteau des Prairie, and thence passing north of Skunk Lake, on the most direct line to the foot of Lake Traverse, and thence along the treaty-line of 1851 to the place of beginning. ARTICLE 4. It is further agreed that a reservation be set apart for all other members of said bands who were not sent to the Crow Creek reservation, and also for the Cut-Head bands of Yanktonais Sioux, a reservation bounded as follows, viz: Beginning at the most easterly point of Devil's Lake; thence along the waters of said lake to the most westerly point of the same; thence on a direct line to the nearest point in the Cheyenne River; thence down said river to a point opposite the lower end of Aspen Island, and thence on a direct line to the place of beginning. -429- ARTICLE 5. The said reservations shall be apportioned in tracts of (160) one hundred and sixty acres to each head of a family or single person over the age of (21) twenty-one years, belonging to said bands and entitled to locate thereon, who may desire to locate permanently and cultivate the soil as a means of subsistence: each (160) one hundred and sixty acres so allotted to be made to conform to the legal subdivisions of the Government surveys when such surveys shall have been made; and every person to whom lands may be allotted under the provisions of this article, who shall occupy and cultivate a portion thereof for five consecutive years shall thereafter be entitled to receive a patent for the same so soon as he shall have fifty acres of said tract fenced, ploughed, and in crop: Provided, said patent shall not authorize any transfer of said lands, or portions thereof, except to the United States, but said lands and the improvements thereon shall descend to the proper heirs of the persons obtaining a patent. ARTICLE 6. And, further, in consideration of the destitution of said bands of Sissiton and Warpeton Sioux, parties hereto, resulting from the confiscation of their annuities and improvements, it is agreed that Congress will, in its own discretion, from time to time make such appropriations as may be deemed requisite to enable said Indians to return to an agricultural life under the system in operation on the Sioux reservation in 1862; including, if thought advisable, the establishment and support of local and manual-labor schools; the employment of agricultural, mechanical, and other teachers; the opening and improvement of individual farms; and generally such objects as Congress in its wisdom shall deem necessary to promote the agricultural improvement and civilization of said bands. ARTICLE 7. An agent shall be appointed for said bands, who shall be located at Lake Traverse; and whenever there shall be five hundred (500) persons of said bands permanently located upon the Devil's Lake reservation there shall be an agent or other competent person appointed to superintend at that place the agricultural, educational, and mechanical interests of said bands. ARTICLE 8. All expenditures under the provisions of this treaty shall be made for the agricultural improvement and civilization of the members of said bands authorized to locate upon the respective reservations, as hereinbefore specified, in such manner as may be directed by law; but no goods, provisions, groceries, or other articles--except materials for the erection of houses and articles to facilitate the operations of agriculture--shall be issued to Indians or mixed-bloods on either reservation unless it be in payment for labor performed or for produce de- -430-
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:31:00 GMT -5
livered: Provided, That when persons located on either reservation, by reason of age, sickness, or deformity, are unable to labor, the agent may issue clothing and subsistence to such persons from such supplies as may be provided for said bands. ARTICLE 9. The withdrawal of the Indians from all dependence upon the chase as a means of subsistence being necessary to the adoption of civilized habits among them, it is desirable that no encouragement be afforded them to continue their hunting operations as a means of support, and, therefore, it is agreed that no person will be authorized to trade for furs or peltries within the limits of the land claimed by said bands, as specified in the second article of this treaty, it being contemplated that the Indians will rely solely upon agricultural and mechanical labor for subsistence, and that the agent will supply the Indians and mixed-bloods on the respective reservations with clothing, provisions, &c., as set forth in article eight, so soon as the same shall be provided for that purpose. And it is further agreed that no person not a member of said bands, parties hereto whether white, mixed-blood, or Indian, except persons in the employ of the Government or located under its authority, shall be permitted to locate upon said lands, either for hunting, trapping, or agricultural purposes. ARTICLE 10. The chiefs and head-men located upon either of the reservations set apart for said bands are authorized to adopt such rules, regulations, or laws for the security of life and property, the advancement of civilization, and the agricultural prosperity of the members of said bands upon the respective reservations, and shall have authority, under the direction of the agent, and without expense to the Government, to organize a force sufficient to carry out all such rules, regulations, or laws, and all rules and regulations for the government of said Indians, as may be prescribed by the Interior Department: Provided, That all rules, regulations, or laws adopted or amended by the chiefs and head-men on either reservation shall receive the sanction of the agent. In testimony whereof, we, the commissioners representing the United States, and the delegates representing the Sissiton and Warpeton bands of Sioux Indians, have hereunto set our hands and seals, at the place and on the day and year above written. [Signatures omitted.] From Charles J. Kappler, comp. and ed., Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, II ( Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), 956-959. -431- Letter from Bishop Whipple to President Lincoln March 6, 1862 TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. The sad condition of the Indians of this State, who are my heathen wards, compels me to address you on their behalf. I ask only justice for a wronged and neglected race. I write the more cheerfully because I believe that the intentions of the Government have always been kind; but they have been thwarted by dishonest servants, ill-conceived plans, and defective instructions. Before their treaty with the United States, the Indians of Minnesota were as favorably situated as an uncivilized race could well be. Their lakes, forests, and prairies furnished abundant game, and their hunts supplied them with valuable furs for the purchase of all articles of traffic. The great argument to secure the sale of their lands is the promise of their civilization. . . . The sale is made, and after the dishonesty which accompanies it there is usually enough money left, if honestly expended, to foster the Indians' desires for civilization. Remember, the parties to this contract are a great Christian Nation and a poor heathen people. From the day of the treaty a rapid deterioration takes place. The Indian has sold the hunting-grounds necessary for his comfort as a wild man; his tribal relations are weakened; his chief's power and influence circumscribed; and he will soon be left a helpless man without a government, a protector, or a friend, unless the solemn treaty is observed. The Indian agents who are placed in trust of the honor and faith of the Government are generally selected without any reference to their fitness for the place. The Congressional delegation desires to award John Doe for party work, and John Doe desires the place because there is a tradition on the border than an Indian Agent with fifteen hundred dollars a year can retire upon an ample fortune in four years. The Indian agent appoints his subordinates from the same motive, either to reward his friends' service, or to fulfill the bidding of his Congressional patron. They are often men without any fitness, sometimes a disgrace to a Christian nation; whiskey-sellers, bar-room loungers, debauchers, selected to guide a heathen people. Then follow all the evils of bad example, of inefficiency, and of dishonesty--the school a sham, the supplies wasted, the improvement fund squandered by negligence or curtailed by fraudulent contracts. The Indian, bewildered, con- -432- scious of wrong, but helpless, has no refuge but to sink into a depth of brutishness. There have been noble instances of men who have tried to do their duty; but they have generally been powerless for lack of hearty cooperation of others, or because no man could withstand the corruption which has pervaded every department of Indian affairs. The United States has virtually left the Indian without protection. . . . I can count up more than a dozen murders which have taken place in the Chippewa Count[r]y within two years. . . . There is no law to protect the innocent or punish the guilty. The sale of whiskey, the open licentiousness, the neglect and want are fast dooming this people to death, and as sure as there is a God much of the guilt lies at the Nation's door. The first question is, can these red men become civilized? I say, unhesitatingly, yes. The Indian is almost the only heathen man on earth who is not an idolater. In his wild state he is braver, more honest, and virtuous than most heathen races. He has warm home affections and strong love of kindred and country. The Government of England has, among Indians speaking the same language with our own, some marked instances of their capability of civilization. In Canada you will find there are hundreds of civilized and Christian Indians, while on this side of the line there is only degradation. The first thing needed is honesty. There has been a marked deterioration in Indian affairs since the office has become one of mere political favoritism. Instructions are not worth the price of the ink with which they are written if they are to be carried out by corrupt agents. Every employee ought to be a man of purity, temperance, industry, and unquestioned integrity. Those selected to teach in any department must be men of peculiar fitness,--patient, with quick perceptions, enlarged ideas, and men who love their work. They must be something better than so many drudges fed at the public crib. The second step is to frame instructions so that the Indian shall be the ward of the Government. They cannot live without law. We have broken up, in part, their tribal relations, and they must have something in their place. Whenever the Indian desires to abandon his wild life, the Government ought to aid him in building a house, in opening his farm, in providing utensils and implements of labor. His home should be conveyed to him by a patent, and be inalienable. It is a bitter cause of complaint that the Government has not fulfilled its pledges in this respect. It robs -433- the Indian of manhood and leaves him subject to the tyranny of wild Indians, who destroy his crops, burn his fences, and appropriate the rewards of his labor. The schools should be ample to receive all children who desire to attend. As it is, with six thousand dollars appropriated for the Lower Sioux for some seven years past, I doubt whether there is a child at the lower agency who can read who has not been taught by our missionary. Our Mission School has fifty children, and the entire cost of the mission, with three faithful teachers, every dollar of which passes through my own hands, is less than seven hundred dollars a year. In all future treaties it ought to be the object of the Government to pay the Indians in kind, supplying their wants at such times as they may require help. This valuable reform would only be a curse in the hands of a dishonest agent. If wisely and justly expended, the Indian would not be as he now is,--often on the verge of starvation. There ought to be a concentration of the scattered bands of Chippewas upon one reservation, thus securing a more careful oversight, and also preventing the sale of fire-water and the corrupt influence of bad men. The Indian agent ought to be authorized to act as a United States Commissioner, to try all violations of Indian laws. It may be beyond my province to offer these suggestions; I have made them because my heart aches for this poor wronged people. The heads of the Department are too busy to visit the Indian country, and even if they did it would be to find the house swept and garnished for an official visitor. It seems to me that the surest plan to remedy these wrongs and to prevent them for the future, would be to appoint a commission of some three persons to examine the whole subject and to report to the Department a plan which should remedy the evils which have so long been a reproach to our nation. If such were appointed, it ought to be composed of men of inflexible integrity, of large heart, of clear head, of strong will, who fear God and love man. I should like to see it composed of men so high in character that they are above the reach of the political demagogues. I have written to you freely with all the frankness with which a Christian bishop has the right to write to the Chief Ruler of a great Christian Nation. My design has not been to complain of individuals, nor to make accusations. Bad as I believe some of the appointments to be, they are the fault of a political system. When I came to Minnesota I was startled at the degradation at my door. I gave these men missions; -434- God has blessed me, and I would count every trial I have had as a way of roses if I could save this people. May God guide you and give you grace to order all things, so that the Government shall deal righteously with the Indian nations in its charge. Your servant for Christ's sake, H. B. WHIPPLE, Bishop of Minnesota. From Henry B. Whipple, Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate ( New York: Macmillan Co., 1899), pp. 510-514. -435- Bibliography 1. MANUSCRIPT MATERIAL National Archives. All National Archives material cited in this book is from Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Until August, 1907, separate registers of "Letters Sent" and "Letters Received" were maintained. The Letters Sent, 1824-1881, have been reproduced as National Archives Microfilm Publication 21; Letters Received, 1824-1880, have been reproduced as Microfilm Publication 234. The following have been used: Letters Sent, 1847- 1870 (Rolls 40-95). Letters Received: St. Peter's Agency, 1824-1870 (Rolls 757-766). Santee Sioux Agency, 1871-1876 (Rolls 768-769). Flandreau Special Agency, 1873-1876 (Roll 285). Nebraska Agencies, 1876-1880 (Rolls 519-529). Sisseton Agency, 1867-1880 (Rolls 824-831). Devils Lake Agency, 1871-1880 (Rolls 281-284). Fort Berthold Agency, 1867-1870 (Roll 292). Winnebago Agency, 1864 (Roll 937).
Bureau of Indian Affairs records since 1881 have not been microfilmed. The following files were searched at the National Archives building: Santee Agency, 1881-1917. Sisseton Agency, 1887-1891, 1907-1939. Fort Totten Agency, 1907-1939. Sioux in Minnesota, 1884-1906. Pipestone School Agency, 1908-1939. Yankton Agency, 1917-1933. Winnebago Agency, 1933-1939. Flandreau School Agency, 1901-1939. Although Bureau of Indian Affairs records in the National Archives nominally end with 1939, the arrangement of the Central Classified Files is such that many files contain letters from the 1 940's. Most records later than 1939, -437- however, are located at the Federal Records Center, Alexandria, Virginia, or at the Bureau of Indian Affairs Central Office in Washington. Selected items from the following jurisdictions have been used at these depositories or at the Minneapolis Area Office: Winnebago Agency Sisseton Agency Consolidated Turtle Mountain Agency Flandreau School Agency Pipestone School Agency Minnesota Agency Minneapolis Area Office Aberdeen Area Office Minnesota Historical Society. Relevant portions of the following manuscript collections have been searched: Pond Papers, 1833-1891. Riggs Papers, 1843-1870. Taliaferro Papers, 1813-1868. Whipple Papers, 1833-1908. Williamson Papers, 1834-1878. The Minnesota Historical Society also has a typewritten copy of "History Prairie Island Sioux, Begun by Thomas Rouillard--Related by Eliza Wells and translated by Grandson Norman Richard Campbell," part of a family record kept in the Dakota language by a leading Prairie Island family. Miscellaneous Manuscripts. LEACH DUANE M. "The Santee Sioux, 1866-1890." Master's thesis, University of South Dakota, 1959. Untitled manuscript by A. A. Johnson, on the Prairie Island Sioux, in the Goodhue County Historical Society, Red Wing, Minn. 2. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Federal Government. BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ( Prairie Island Community Council). "Background Data Relating to the Sioux Indians in the Southern Part of Minnesota," MS. CARTER CLARENCE E., COMP. AND ED. The Territorial Papers of the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1934- COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. Annual Reports. 1849- 1907. Congressional Globe. 1866. Congressional Record. 1949- 1955. Constitution and Bylaws for the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe, South Dakota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936. -438- Constitution and Bylaws of the Lower Sioux Indian Community in Minnesota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936. Constitution and Bylaws of the Prairie Island Indian Community in Minnesota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936. Constitution and Bylaws of the Santee Sioux Tribe of the Sioux Nation in the State of Nebraska. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936. Corporate Charter of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe, South Dakota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937. Corporate Charter of the Lower Sioux Indian Community in Minnesota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937. Corporate Charter of the Prairie Island Indian Community in Minnesota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1938. Corporate Charter of the Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. Reports, September 1960. United States Indian Population and Land: 1960. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, Public Health Service. Indians on Federal Reservations in the United States: A Digest. Part 3, 1959. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, Public Health Service, Division of Indian Health ( Bemidji, Minn., Office). "Basic Data: Prairie Island Sioux Community," MS. HODGE FREDERICK W. Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins, No. 20. Washington, 1910. KAPPLER CHARLES J., COMP. Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties. Vols. I and II. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904. ROYCE CHARLES C. Indian Land Cessions in the United States. Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Reports, No. 18, Pt. 1. Washington, 1899. SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Annual Reports. 1911- 1938. U. S. CENSUS. Population. 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960. -----. Condition of the Indians, Minnesota. 1890. U. S. Statutes at Large. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 130 vols. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886- 1901. 25th Cong., 3rd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 103. 26th Cong., 1st Sess., S. Doc. 126. 27th Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Doc. 1. 28th Cong., 1st Sess., S. Doc. 1. 29th Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 4. 30th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Doc. 1. 30th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 8. -439- 30th Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1. 31st Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1. 31st Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1. 32nd Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1. 33rd Cong., 1st Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1. 33rd Cong., 1st Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 61. 34th Cong., 1st and 2nd Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1. 35th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 2. 48th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 79. 50th Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 228. 50th Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 61. 53rd Cong., 3rd Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 79. 54th Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Rpt. 1362. 82nd Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Rpt. 2503. 83rd Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Rpt. 2680. State and County. Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars 1861-1865. 2 vols. Comp., ed., and pub. under the supervision of the Board of Commissioners for the State. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Co., 1890 and 1893. GOVERNOR'S INTERRACIAL COMMISSION OF MINNESOTA. The Indian in Minnesota. [ St. Paul?], 1947, 1952. MINNESOTA Executive Documents. 1862- 1887. Report of the 1958 Minnesota Interim Committee on Indian Affairs, 1959. DAKOTA COUNTY ( Minn.) Register of Deeds. Miscellaneous Records, Book "Q"; Abstract Book. GOODHUE COUNTY ( Minn.) Board of Commissioners. "Proceedings," 1888, 1935. LIST OF INDIANS AT PRAIRIE ISLAND, filed October 21, 1890, in Goodhue County Auditor's Office. REDWOOD COUNTY ( Minn.) Register of Deeds. Deed Records 10 and 19. Some information was also provided orally by the Registers of Deeds and Welfare officers of Scott and Yellow Medicine counties, Minnesota, and Knox County, Nebraska. Canadian. DOMINION OF CANADA. Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904. Traditional Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations of Canadian Indian Bands. Ottawa: Indian Affairs Branch, Department of Citizenship and Immigration, 1964. 3. NEWSPAPERS Cannon Falls ( Minn.) Beacon. Central Republican ( Faribault, Minn.). -440- Faribault Democrat. Faribault Republican. Goodhue County Republican (Red Wing, Minn.). Granite Falls Tribune. Mankato (Minn.) Independent. Mankato Weekly Record (published as Semi-Weekly Record July 1860-Nov. 1862). Mankato Weekly Union. Minnesota Pioneer ( St. Paul), 1849- 1855, Minneapolis Sunday Tribune. Moody County Enterprise (Flandreau, S. Dak.). Morton (Minn.) Enterprise. NCAI Sentinel. New York Times. Niobrara (Nebr.) Pioneer. Niobrara Tribune. Pioneer and Democrat ( St. Paul), 1855- 1862. Red Wing Argus. Red Wing Daily Republican. Red Wing Daily Republican Eagle. Red Wing Sentinel. Redwood Falls Sun. Redwood Reveille (Redwood Falls, Minn.). St. Paul Daily Times. St. Paul Pioneer, 1862-1875. St. Paul Pioneer Press, 1875- Scott County Argus (name changed to Shakopee Argus September 18, 1884). Sisseton (S. Dak.) Courier. Union and Dakotaian ( Yankton, S. Dak.). Word Carrier (Santee, Nebr.). 4. BOOKS ADAMS ARTHUR T., ED. The Explorations of Pierre Esprit Radisson. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1961. AMERICAN INDIAN CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Declaration of Indian Purpose. Chicago: American Indian Chicago Conference, 1961.
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:31:29 GMT -5
ANDREAS A. T., ED. An Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Minnesota. Chicago: Lakeside Building, 1874. ANDREWS ALICE E., ED. Recollections of Christopher C. Andrews: 1829-1922. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1928. BARTON WINIFRED W. John P. Williamson, a Brother to the Sioux. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1919. BELTRAMI J. C. [ GIACOMO CONSTANTINO]. A Pilgrimage in America. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1962. -441- BISHOP HARRIET E. Floral Home; or First Years in Minnesota. New York: Sheldon, Blakeman, and Co., 1857. BLAIR EMMA HELEN, ED. The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes. 2 vols. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1911. BRYANT CHARLES S., AND ABEL B. MURCH. A History of the Great Massacre by the Sioux Indians in Minnesota. Cincinnati: Rickey and Carroll, 1864. BUCK DANIEL. Indian Outbreaks. Mankato: Pioneer Press Co., 1904. CARVER JONATHAN. Three Years Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America. Philadelphia: Key and Simpson, 1796. CATLIN GEORGE. Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians. Philadelphia: J. W. Bradley, 1869. CHARLEVOIX PIERRE F. X. History and General Description of New France. Trans. by John Gilmary Shea. 6 vols. New York: John Gilmary Shea, 1866- 1872. COLLIER JOHN. From Every Zenith. Denver: Alan Swallow, 1963. CONNOLLY ALONZO P. A Thrilling Narrative of the Minnesota Massacre and the Sioux War of 1862-63. Chicago: A. P. Connolly, 1896. COUES ELLIOTT, ED. The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike. 2 vols. New York: Francis P. Harper, 1895. CROSS MARION E., ED. Father Louis Hennepin's Description of Louisiana. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1938. CURTISS-WEDGE FRANKLYN, ED. History of Rice and Steele Counties. 2 vols. Chicago: H. C. Cooper, Jr., and Co., 1910. EASTMAN CHARLES A. From the Deep Woods to Civilization. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1926. -----. Indian Boyhood. New York, McClure, 1902. FEATHERSTONHAUGH GEORGE W. A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor. London: R. Bentley, 1847. FEY HAROLD E., AND D'ARCY MCNICKLE. I ndians and Other Americans. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959. FOLSOM W. H. C. Fifty Years in the Northwest. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Co., 1888. FOLWELL WILLIAM W. A History of Minnesota. 2 vols. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. Vol. I, 1956; Vol. II, 1961. FOREMAN GRANT. The Last Trek of the Indians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946. FRIDLEY RUSSELL W., LEOTA M. KELLETT, AND JUNE D. HOLMQUIST, EDS. Charles E. Flandrau and the Defense of New Ulm. New Ulm, Minn.: Brown County Historical Society, 1962. FRITZ HENRY E. The Movement for Indian Assimilation, 1860-1890. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963. GRIDLEY MARION E., ED. Indians of Today. 3d ed. Chicago: The Council Fire, 1960. HAGAN WILLIAM T. The Sac and Fox Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958. -442- [ HANCOCK JOSEPH W.] Goodhue County, Minnesota, Past and Present. Red Wing: Red Wing Printing Co., 1893. HANSEN MARCUS L. Old Fort Snelling, 1819-1858. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1958. HARDING WALTER, ED. Thoreau's Minnesota Journey: Two Documents. Geneseo, N.Y.: Thoreau Society, 1962. HASSRICK ROYAL B. The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964. HEARD ISAAC V. D. History of the Sioux War and Massacres of 1862 and 1863. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1863. HENNEPIN LOUIS. A Description of Louisiana. Ed. by John Gilmary Shea. New York: John Gilmary Shea, 1880. History of Goodhue County . . . . Red Wing: Wood, Alley and Co., 1878. HUBBARD LUCIUS F., AND RETURN I. HOLCOMBE. Minnesota in Three Centuries. 4 vols. Mankato: Publishing Society of Minnesota, 1908. HUGHES THOMAS. History of Blue Earth County. Chicago: Middle West Publishing Co., [ 1901]. -----. Indian Chiefs of Southern Minnesota. Mankato: Free Press Co., 1927. -----. Old Traverse des Sioux. St. Peter, Minn.: Herald Publishing Co., 1929. HYDE GEORGE E. Spotted Tail's Folk: A History of the Bruli Sioux. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. JAMES HARRY C. The Hopi Indians. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1956. JONES ROBERT HUHN. The Civil War in the Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960. KEATING WILLIAM H. Narrative of an Expedition to the Sources of St. Peter's River . . . . Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1959. KINZIE JULIETTE A. Wau-bun, the Early Day in the Northwest. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1873. LAVIOLETTE GONTRAN O. M. I. The Sioux Indians in Canada. Regina: Marian Press, 1944. LE WILLIAM G. DUC Minnesota Year Book for 1852. St. Paul: W. G. Le Duc, 1852. LEWIS HENRY. Making a Motion Picture in 1848. Ed. by Bertha L. Heilbron. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1936. MCCONKEY HARRIET E. BISHOP. Dakota War Whoop; or Indian Massacres and War in Minnesota, of 1862-'3. St. Paul: D. D. Merrill, 1863. MCDERMOTT JOHN FRANCIS. Seth Eastman: Pictorial Historian of the Indian. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. MACGREGOR GORDON. Warriors Without Weapons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946. MCKENNEY THOMAS L., AND JAMES HALL. The Indian Tribes of North America. Ed. by Frederick Webb Hodge. 3 vols. Edinburgh: J. Grant, 1933. -443- MCLAUGHLIN JAMES. My Friend the Indian. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1910. MCNICKLE D'ARCY. The Indian Tribes of the United States: Ethnic and Cultural Survival. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. MANYPENNY GEORGE W. Our Indian Wards. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke and Co., 1880. MAYER FRANK BLACKWELL. With Pen and Pencil on the Frontier in 1851. Ed. by Bertha L. Heilbron. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1932. MERIAM LEWIS, et al. The Problem of Indian Administration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1928. NEILL EDWARD D. History of Dakota County and the City of Hastings. Minneapolis: North Star Publishing Co., 1881. -----. The History of Minnesota. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1858. -----. History of the Minnesota Valley, Including the Explorers and Pioneers of Minnesota. Minneapolis: North Star Publishing Co., 1882. -----. History of Rice County. Minneapolis: Minnesota Historical Co., 1882. NUTE GRACE LEE. Caesars of the Wilderness. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1943. OEHLER C. M. The Great Sioux Uprising. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959. OLSON JAMES C. History of Nebraska. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1955. -----. Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965. PEARCE ROY HARVEY. The Savages of America: A Study of the Indian and the Idea of Civilization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1953. PETERSEN WILLIAM J. Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi. Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1937. Plat Book of Scott County, Minnesota. [ Philadelphia]: North West Publishing Co., 1898. POND SAMUEL W., JR. Two Volunteer Missionaries Among the Dakotas. Boston and Chicago: Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, 1893. PRESCOTT PHILANDER. The Recollections of Philander Prescott: Frontiersman of the Old Northwest. Ed. by Donald Dean Parker. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966. PRUCHA FRANCIS PAUL. American Indian Policy in the Formative Years. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962. RADISSON PIERRE ESPRIT. Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson. Ed. by Gideon Scull . New York: Peter Smith, 1943. RIGGS MARY BUEL. Early Days at Santee. Santee, Nebr.: Santee Normal Training School Press, 1928. -444- RIGGS STEPHEN RETURN, ED. Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1852. -----. Mary and I: Forty Years with the Sioux. Boston: Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, 1880. -----. Tah-koo Wah-kan; or, the Gospel Among the Dakotas. Boston: Congregational Publishing Society, 1869. ROBINSON DOANE. A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1956. Originally published in 1904 as Vol. II of South Dakota Historical Collections. RODDIS LOUIS H. The Indian Wars of Minnesota. Cedar Rapids: Torch Press, 1956. ROSE ARTHUR P. History of Jackson County, Minnesota. Jackson: Northern Publishing Co., 1910. RUSK RALPH L., ED. The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson. 6 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939. SCHELL HERBERT S. History of South Dakota. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961. SCHOOLCRAFT HENRY ROWE. Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. 6 vols. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo and Co., 1852- 1857. -----. Narrative Journal of Travels Through the Northwestern Regions of the United States . . . in the Year 1820. Ed. by Mentor L. Williams. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1953. SHARP ABBIE GARDNER. History of the Spirit Lake Massacre. Des Moines: Mills and Co., 1885. SMITH ALICE ELIZABETH. James Duane Doty: Frontier Promoter. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1954. SNELLING WILLIAM J. Tales of the Northwest. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1936. TANNER GEORGE C. Fifty Years of Church Work in the Diocese of Minnesota 1857-1907. St. Paul: Published by the Committee, 1909. TEAKLE THOMAS. The Spirit Lake Massacre. Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1918. THOMPSON LAURA. Culture in Crisis. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950. THWAITES REUBEN GOLD, ED. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. 73 vols. New York: Pageant Book Co., 1959. TURNER KATHARINE C. Red Men Calling on the Great White Father. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951. UTLEY ROBERT M. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963. WALL OSCAR GARRETT. Recollections of the Sioux Massacre. Lake City, Minn.: Published by the Author, 1909. WALLIS WILSON D. The Canadian Dakota. Vol. XLI of Anthropological -445- Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1947. WELSH WILLIAM COMP. Taopi and His Friends, or the Indians' Wrongs and Rights. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen and Heffelfinger, 1869. WEST NATHANIEL. The Ancestry, Life, and Times of Hon. Henry Hastings Sibley, LL.D. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Publishing Co., 1889. WHIPPLE HENRY B. Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate. New York: Macmillan Co., 1899. WINCHELL NEWTON H. The Aborigines of Minnesota. St. Paul: Pioneer Co., 1911. 5. PERIODICALS ACKERMAN GERTRUDE W. "Joseph Renville of Lac qui Parle," Minnesota History, XII ( 1931), 231-246. ADAMS MRS. ANN. "Early Days at Red River Settlement and Fort Snelling," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 75-115. ADAMS MOSES N. "The Sioux Outbreak in the Year 1862, with Notes of Missionary Work Among the Sioux," Minnesota Historical Collections, IX ( 1898- 1900), 431-452. ANDERSON THOMAS G. "Narrative of Capt. Thomas G. Anderson," Wisconsin Historical Collections, IX ( 1882), 137-206. Reprinted 1909 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. BABCOCK WILLOUGHBY M., JR. "Major Lawrence Taliaferro, Indian Agent," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XI ( December 1924), 358-375. BLAKELEY RUSSELL. "History of the Discovery of the Mississippi River and the Advent of Commerce in Minnesota," Minnesota Historical Collections, VIII ( 1895- 1898), 303-414. BLEGEN THEODORE C. "The Pond Brothers," Minnesota History, XV ( 1934), 273-281. -----, ed. "Two Missionaries in the Sioux Country," Minnesota History, XXI ( 1940), 15-32, 158-175, 272-283. "The British Regime in Wisconsin--1760-1800," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XVIII ( 1908), 223-468. BRYMNER DOUGLAS. "Capture of Fort McKay, Prairie du Chien, 1814," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XI ( 1888), 254-270. BUELL SALMON A. "Judge Flandrau in the Defense of New Ulm During the Sioux Outbreak of 1862," Minnesota Historical Collections, X ( 1900- 1904), 783-818. "The Bulger Papers," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XIII ( 1895), 10-153. "Captivity Among the Sioux: The Story of Mary Schwandt," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 461-474. "Captivity Among the Sioux: The Story of Nancy McClure," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 438-460. CONNORS JOSEPH. "The Elusive Hero of Redwood Ferry," Minnesota History, XXXIV ( June 1955), 233-238. -446-
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:32:05 GMT -5
CRUIKSHANK ERNEST ALEXANDER. "Robert Dickson, the Indian Trader," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XII ( 1892), 133-153. DANIELS ASA W. "Reminiscences of Little Crow," Minnesota Historical Collections, XII ( 1905- 1908), 513-530. -----. "Reminiscences of the Little Crow Uprising," Minnesota Historical Collections, XV ( 1909- 1914), 323-336. "Diary Kept by Lewis C. Paxson, Stockton, N.J.," North Dakota Historical Collections, II (190 8), Pt. 2, 102-163. "Dickson and Grignon Papers--1812-1815," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XI ( 1888), 271-315. DOZIER EDWARD P., GEORGE E. SIMPSON, AND J. MILTON YINGER. "The Integration of Americans of Indian Descent," American Academy of Political and Social Science Annals, CCCXI ( 1957), 158-165. DURRIE DANIEL STEELE. "Jonathan Carver, and 'Carver's Grant,'" Wisconsin Historical Collections, VI ( 1872), 220-270. Reprinted 1908 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. FORSYTH THOMAS. "Journal of a Voyage from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819," Wisconsin Historical Collections, VI ( 1872), 188-219. Reprinted 1908 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. "The French Regime in Wisconsin 1634-1727," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XVI ( 1902), 1-477. "The French Regime in Wisconsin, 1727-1748," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XVII ( 1906), 1-518. "The French Regime in Wisconsin, 1743-1760," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XVIII ( 1908), 1-222. GATES CHARLES M. "The Lac qui Parle Indian Mission," Minnesota History, XVI ( 1935), 133-151. GLUEK ALVIN C., JR. "The Sioux Uprising: A Problem in International Relations," Minnesota History, XXXIV (Winter 1955), 317-324. GRIGNON AUGUSTIN. "Seventy-two Years of Recollections of Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections, III ( 1857), 197-295. Reprinted 1904 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. HANCOCK JOSEPH W. "Missionary Work at Red Wing, 1849 to 1852," Minnesota Historical Collections, X ( 1900- 1904), 165-178. HOLCOMBE RETURN I., ED. "A Sioux Story of the War," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 382-400. HOWARD JAMES H. " Pan-Indian Culture of Oklahoma," Scientific Monthly, LXXXI ( November 1953), 215-220. HUGHES THOMAS. "Causes and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacre," Minnesota Historical Collections, XII ( 1905- 1908), 264-269. HUMPHREY JOHN AMES. "Boyhood Reminiscences of Life Among the Dakotas and the Massacre in 1862," Minnesota Historical Collections, XV ( 1909- 1914), 337-348. KANE LUCILE M. "The Sioux Treaties and the Traders," Minnesota History, XXXII ( June 1951), 65-80. -447- KELLOGG LOUISE PHELPS. "Fort Beauharnois," Minnesota History, VIII ( September 1927), 232-246. KELSEY CYNTHIA. "Changing Social Relationships in an Eastern Dakota Community," Minnesota Academy of Science Proceedings, XXIV ( 1956), 12-19. KINGSBURY DAVID L. "Sully's Expedition Against the Sioux, in 1864," Minnesota Historical Collections, VIII ( 1895- 1898), 449-462. LARPENTEUR AUGUST L. "Recollections of the City and People of St. Paul, 1843-1898," Minnesota Historical Collections, IX ( 1898- 1900), 363-394. LASS WILLIAM E. "The 'Moscow Expedition,'" Minnesota History, XXXIX (Summer 1965), 227-240. -----. "The Removal from Minnesota of the Sioux and Winnebago Indians," Minnesota History, XXXVIII ( December 1963), 353-364. "Le Sueur, The Explorer of the Minnesota River," Minnesota Historical Collections, I ( 1850- 1856), 261-277. "Lieut. James Gorrell's Journal," Wisconsin Historical Collections, I ( 1855), 24-48. Reprinted 1903 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. McNICKLE D'ARCY. "Rescuing Sisseton," The American Indian, III (Spring 1946), 21-27. "Memoir of the Sioux," trans. by John H. Ames and ed. by Edward D. Neill , Macalester College Contributions, First Series, No. 10 ( 1890), 223-238. "Memorial Notices of Rev. Gideon H. Pond," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 356-371. MEYER Roy W. "The Establishment of the Santee Reservation, 18661869," Nebraska History, XLV ( March 1964), 59-97. -----. "The Prairie Island Community: A Remnant of Minnesota Sioux," Minnesota History, XXXVII ( September 1961), 271-282. "Narration of a Friendly Sioux, by Snana, the Rescuer of Mary Schwandt," Minnesota Historical Collections, IX ( 1898- 1900), 427-430. "Narrative of Paul Mazakootemane," trans. by Rev. S. R. Riggs, Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 82-90. NEILL EDWARD D. "Dakota Land and Dakota Life," Minnesota Historical Collections, I ( 1850- 1856), 205-240. -----. "Relation of M. Penicaut," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 1-12. "Papers from the Canadian Archives, 1778-1783," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XI ( 1888), 97-212. "Papers from the Canadian Archives, 1767-1814," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XII ( 1892), 23-132. PETERSEN WILLIAM J. "The 'Virginia,' the 'Clermont' of the Upper Mississippi," Minnesota History, IX ( December 1928), 347-362. PFALLER LOUIS O. S. B. "The Forging of an Indian Agent," North Dakota History, XXXIV (Winter 1967), 62-76. POND SAMUEL W. "The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834," Minnesota Historical Collections, XII ( 1905- 1908), 319-501. -448- POND SAMUEL W., "Indian Warfare in Minnesota," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 129-138. PRESCOTT PHILANDER. "Autobiography and Reminiscences of Philander Prescott," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 475-491. PROVINSE JOHN, et al. "The American Indian in Transition," American Anthropologist, LVI ( June 1954), 387-394. RELF FRANCES H., ED. "Removal of the Sioux Indians from Minnesota" [letter from John P. Williamson, May 13, 1863], Minnesota History Bulletin, II ( May 1918), 420-425. RENVILLE GABRIEL. "A Sioux Narrative of the Outbreak of 1862 and of Sibley's Expedition in 1863," Minnesota Historical Collections, X ( 19001904), 595-618. RIGGS STEPHEN RETURN. "The Dakota Mission," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 115-128. -----. "Dakota Portraits," ed. by Willoughby M. Babcock Jr., Minnesota History Bulletin, II ( November 1918), 481-568. -----. "Protestant Missions in the Northwest," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 117-188. SATTERLEE MARION P. "Narratives of the Sioux War," Minnesota Historical Collections, XV ( 1909- 1914), 349-370. SIBLEY HENRY H. "Reminiscences, Historical and Personal," Minnesota Historical Collections, I ( 1850- 1856), 374-396. -----. "Sketch of John Other Day," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 99-102. "Sioux Outbreak of 1862: Mrs. J. E. De Camp's Narrative of her Captivity," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 354-380. [ Snelling William Joseph?]. "Early Days at Prairie du Chien," Wisconsin Historical Collections, V ( 1868), 123-153. Reprinted 1907 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. [ Snelling William Joseph]. "Running the Gauntlet," Minnesota Historical Collections, I ( 1850- 1856), 360-373. STERLING EVERETT W. "Moses N. Adams: A Missionary as Indian Agent," Minnesota History, XXXV ( December 1956), 167-177. TALIAFERRO LAWRENCE. "Auto-Biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 189-255. "Taoyateduta Is Not a Coward," Minnesota History, XXXVIII ( September 1962), 115. THOMPSON HILDEGARD. "Education Among American Indians: Institutional Aspects," American Academy of Political and Social Science Annals, CCCXI ( May 1957), 95-104. TRENNERY WALTER N. "The Shooting of Little Crow: Heroism or Murder?" Minnesota History, XXXVIII ( September 1962), 150-153. "Up the Mississippi in a Six-Oared Skiff in 1817," Minnesota Historical Collections, II ( 1860- 1867), 9-88. -449- VAN CHARLOTTE OUISCONSIN CLEVE. "A Reminiscence of Ft. Snelling," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 76-81. WARREN WILLIAM W. "History of the Ojibway Nation," Minnesota Historical Collections, V ( 1885), 21-394. WHITE MRS. N. D. "Captivity Among the Sioux, August 18 to September 26, 1862," Minnesota Historical Collections, IX ( 1898- 1900), 395-426. WILFORD LLOYD A. "The Prehistoric Indians of Minnesota," Minnesota History, XXV ( June 1944), 153-157. -----. "The Prehistoric Indians of Minnesota: The Mille Lacs Aspect," Minnesota History, XXV ( December 1944), 329-341. WILLIAMS J. FLETCHER. "A History of the City of St. Paul and of the County of Ramsey, Minnesota," Minnesota Historical Collections, IV ( 1876), 3-475. WILSON CHARLES C. "The Successive Chiefs Named Wabasha," Minnesota Historical Collections, XII ( 1905- 1908), 504-512. Addendum to the Bibliography 3. NEWSPAPERS The circle ( Minneapolis, Minn.) Indian Country Today ( Rapid City, S. Dak.) Minneapolis Tribune Minneapolis Star and Tribune Native American Times ( Bemidji, Minn.) St. Paul Dispatch St. Paul Press and Dispatch Sota Iya Ye Yapi (Agency Village, S. Dak.) 4. BOOKS ALLEN CLIFFORD, et al. History of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe. Flandreau, S. Dak.: Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe, 1971. ANDERSON GARY CLAYTON. Kinsmen of Another Kind: Dakota-White Relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1650-1862. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984. -----. Little Crow: Spokesman for the Sioux. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1986. -----, and Alan R. Woolworth, eds. Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1988. BLACKTHUNDER ELIJAH, et al. History of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe. Sisseton, S. Dak.: Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe, 1971. BRAY EDMUND C., and MARTHA C. BRAY, eds. Joseph N. Nicollet on the Plains andPrairies: The Expeditions of 1838-39 with Journals, Letters and Notes on the Dakota Indians -450- Prairies: The Expeditions of 1838-39 with Journals, Letters and Notes on the Dakota Indians St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1976. DIEDRICH MARK. Dakota Oratory: Great Moments in the Recorded Speech of the Eastern Sioux, 1695-1874. Rochester, Minn.: Coyote Books, 1989. -----. Famous Chiefs of the Eastern Sioux. Minneapolis: Coyote Books, 1987. -----. The Odyssey of Chief Standing Buffalo and the Northern Sisseton Sioux. MInneapolis: Coyote Books, 1988. ELIAS PETER DOUGLAS. The Dakota of the Canadian Northwest: Lessons for Survival. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1988. FAY GEORGE E., ed. Treaties and Land Cessions between the Bands of the Sioux and the United States of America. Greeley, Colo.: University of Northern Colorado Museum of Anthropology, 1972. HARKINS ARTHUR M. Public Education of the Prairie Island Sioux: An Interim Report. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969. HICKERSON HAROLD. Sioux Indians. Vol. 1. Mdewakanton Band of Sioux Indians. New York: Garland Publishing Company, 1974. HOWARD JAMES H. The Canadian Sioux. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984. LANDES RUTH. The Mystic Lake Sioux: Sociology of the Mdewakantonwan Santee. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968. LAVIOLETTE GONTRAN O. M.I. The Dakota Sioux in Canada. Winnipeg: DLM Publications, 1991. (Revision of The Sioux Indians in Canada, 1944). NURGE ETHEL, ed. The Modern Sioux: Social Systems and Reservation Culture. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970. SCHULTZ DUANE. Over the Earth I Come: The Great Sioux Uprising of 1862. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. WILLAND JON. Lac qui Parle and the Dakota Mission. Madison, Minn.: Lac qui Parle County Historical Society, 1964. WILSON RAYMOND. Ohiyesa: Charles Eastman, Santee Sioux. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. WOZNIAK JOHN S., F.S.C. Contact, Negotiations and Conflict: An Ethnohistory of the Eastern Dakota, 1819-1839. Washington: University Press of America, 1978. 5. PERIODICALS ANDERSON GARY CLAYTON. "Early Dakota Migration and Intertribal War: A Revision," Western Historical Quarterly, 11 ( January 1980): 17-36. -----, "Myrick's Insult," Minnesota History, 48 (Spring 1983): 198-206. -----. "The Removal of the Mdewakanton Dakota in 1837: A Case for Jacksonian Paternalism," South Dakota History, 10 (Fall 1980): 310-33. BAUERLEIN MONIKA. "Nukes on the Reservation," Progressive, 55 ( November 1991): 14. DENNY RUTH. "Indian Casinos Hit the Jackpot," Utne Reader, November-December 1992, pp. 35-37. -451- ENGSTROM RICHARD L., and CHARLES J. BARRILLEAUX. "Native Americans and Cumulative Voting: The Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux," Social Science Quarterly, 72 ( June 1991): 388-93. HENIG GERALD S. "A Neglected Cause of the Sioux Uprising," Minnesota History, 45 (Fall 1976): 107-10. NEWCOMBE BARBARA T. "'A Portion of the American People': The Sioux Sign a Treaty in Washington in 1858," Minnesota History, 45 (Fall 1976): 83-96. NICHOLS DAVID A. "The Other Civil War: Lincoln and the Indians," Minnesota History, 44 (Spring 1974): 2-15. RUSSO PRISCILLA ANN. "The Time to Speak Is Over: The Onset of the Sioux Uprising, " Minnesota History, 45 (Fall 1976): 97-106. WOOLWORTH ALAN R., and NANCY L. WOOLWORTH. "Eastern Dakota Settlement and Subsistence Patterns Prior to 1851," Minnesota Archaeologist, 39 ( May, 1980): 70-89. -452-
Index Acton Township, Minn., 115, 122 ; massacre at 114 -15 Adams, Moses N., missionary at Traverse des Sioux, 91 ; agent at Sisseton, 204 -8, 211, 214, 218, 231 ; conflict with scout party, 204 -5; in charge of Flandreau colony, 247 -49; influence on Sissetons, 328 Adams, Shubael P., 264 -67 Afrahcootahs (Wahpekutes?), 16 Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), 312, 335 Aile Rouge, L'. See Red Wing American Indian Movement (AIM), 400 Aiton, John F., 65 Aldrich, Cyrus, 140 Algonquins, 6, 16 Allen, S.E., 318 Allouez, Father Claude, 5 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, begin work with Sioux, 52, 65, 66 ; work with prisoners, 137 ; on Santee Reservation, 168, 175, 176, 178 -79; succeeded by American Missionary Association, 190 ; on Sisseton Reservation, 204, 207, 214 ; at Flandreau, 247 American Fur Company, 36, 42, 59, 68, 70 n. American Indian Chicago Conference, 357 American Missionary Association, 190, 312 American Revolution, 15, 18, 24, 28, 72 Anawangmani, Simon, 131 Agency Bingo, 377 Agency Village, 377 -78 Apaches, 368 n. Aquipaguetin, 7, 8 Arikaras, 232 Armstrong, Moses, K., 250 Arrow, 34 Arthur, Chester A., 181, 182, 234 Ascension mission, 203, 206, 207 Assiniboins, viii, 16 Atkins, John D. C., 188, 189, 237, 285 Badlands, Battle of the, 136 Bailly, Alexis, 271 n. Baird, Henry C., 185, 297 Baker, Fred A., 327, 328, 330 Balcombe, St. André Durand, 109, 149, 150, 151 Balmer, James W., 344 -49, 351 Barlow, Earl J., 388 Barton, Winifred W., 114 n. Basic Bible Church of Amerika, 390 Bazile Creek, 158 -60, 164 -65, 176, 178, 184 Beccasse, Le (Le Boucasse), 26 Becker Dickinson (plant), 373 Beckwith, Paul, 231, 232, 233 n., 234 Bee, Bernard E., 98 Beeson, John, 144 Belknap, William W., 227 Bell, John, 73 -453- Belland, Henry, Jr., 286 Bellecourt, Clyde, 394 -95 Bellecourt, Vernon, 394, 400 Beltrami, Giacomo Constantino, 44 Benedictine Order, 234 Bennett, Robert L., 296 Benton, Thomas Hart, 75 Beyer, W. R., 324 Big Coulee (district), 376 Big Coulee day school, 330 Big Eagle (Wamdetanka), 45, 51 Big Eagle, Jerome, on causes of Sioux Uprising, 115, 116, 117 n.; authority on Uprising, 119, 121, 126 n.; in prison, 138 n.; at Flandreau, 255 ; moves to Minnesota, 255, 287 Big Eagle Feather, 210 Big Mound, Battle of, 134 Big Sioux River, viii, 159, 165, 242, 244, 248, 252, 342 Big Stone take, 11 n., 27, 63, 111 n., 198, 210, 265, 268
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:32:31 GMT -5
Big Thunder, 51 Big Woods, 135 Birch Cooley post office, 274 Birch Coulee, 284, 291, 292, 343, 345 ; Battle of, 121, 274 ; colony established at, 274, 280, 281 ; Hinman settles at, 277 ; land bought at, 279, 282, 283 ; history of colony at, 287 -90; IRA accepted at, 297, 348, 349 ; day school at, 342, 344 ; government aid to, 347 ; renamed, 349 ; racial composition, 352 n. Black Dog, 49 Black Dog's band. See Black Dog's village Black Dog's village, 45, 55 n., 137 n. Black Hawk, 51, 101 n. Black Hawk War, 51 Black River, 40 Blaine, James G., 181 Blanket faction, 107 Blessed Redeemer, Church of the, 178 Bloomington, Minn., 270, 274, 281, 283, 286, 292 Blue Earth County, Minn., 262 Blue Earth River, vii, 10, 46, 74, 99 Bluestone, John, 268, 279 Boeuf que Marche, Le. See Tatankamani Bogy, Lewis V., 199 Boucher, Pierre, 12, 13 Bourgne, the (One-Eyed Sioux), 33 Breckenridge, Nebr., 159 -60, 176 Brewer, James W., 308 British, the, 25, 29 -30, 33, 35 British-American relations, 38 British explorers, 15 British government, 361 British policy, 18, 28 British traders, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34 Brophy, Byron J., 339 Brophy, William A., 295 Brown, Joseph R., 202, 220 ; wounded by Indians, 59 ; Sioux agent, 102 -5, 107 -8, 111 ; in Sioux Uprising, 121, 130 ; commands scouts, 152 ; negotiates treaty of 1867, 199, 200 ; influence on Sissetons, 328 Brown, Orlando, 76, 76 Brown, Orville, 138 n. Brown County, Minn., 120 Brown Earth Colony, 215, 242, 273, 278, 350 Browning, Orville, 221, 266 Browns Valley, Minn., 213, 219, 321 Bruce, Amos J., 62 -64, 66, 68 -69, 70 n., 74 Brulés, vii, 175 Brunswick Corporation, 380 Bryant, Charles A., 116, 130 n. Buffalo Lake, 376 Burbank, John A., 244, 245, 246 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 382, 386, 390, 393, 402 Burke Act, 317, 318. See also Patents, issuance of Burleigh, Walter A., 159, 198 Burnette, Robert, 367 Burnside Township, Minn., 385 Burton, Charles E., 297, 303, 305 Byrd, William, 366 Calhoun, John C., 36 Campbell, A. J., 194 Campbell, Colin, 37 Campbell, John, 262 Campbell, Norman, 386, 403 n. Campbell, Scott, 37, 59 n., 70 n., 262 -454- Camp Lincoln, 129 Camp McClellan, 144, 153. See also Davenport, Iowa Camp Release, 123, 136 Canada, 10 Canadian Sioux, 313 n. Cannon Falls Beacon, 271 n. Cannon River, vii, 25, 46 Canterbury Downs, 395 Caramonee, 40 Carlisle Indian school, 300 Carothers and Blake, 111 n. Caner, Sibyl, 289 Carver, Jonathan, 15 - 17, 24, 28, 33, 34 Carver grant, 33 Cass, Lewis, 43, 54 Cass Lake, 11 n., 14 Catholic Board, 231 Catholic Church, 137, 228, 322 n., 326 Catholic missionaries, 129 Catlin, George, 71 Catlinite, 2, 16 Cavender, Gary (Rev.), 390, 395, 400 Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., 10 Chaska, Phillip, 276 -77 Chaskay, 130 Chequamegon Bay, 1 Cherokees, 190 n., 352 n., 362 Cheyenne River Agency, 178 Cheyennes, 16 Chianese, 16 Chicago, Minneapolis & St. Paul railway, 217 n. Chickasaws, 19 Chingouabé, 10, 13 Chippewa County, Minn., 270 Chippewas, 10, 39, 40, 138, 142, 352 n., 367 ; give name to Sioux, 5 ; wars with Sioux, 13, 14, 24, 27, 29, 32 - 33, 35, 38, 41 - 44, 50, 56, 61, 62, 64, 69, 105 ; visited by Pike, 26 ; at Turtle Mountain, 235, 240 Choctaws, 19 Chongaskethons, 11. See also Sissetons Chongousceton, 16. See also Sissetons Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., and Company, 145 Christgau, Victor, 347 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 329, 331 Civil War, 96, 111, 144, 149, 154, 164, 177, 231 Clark, William, 33, 37, 38, 42, 52, 54, 56 Clements, Joseph, 185, 191 Cleveland, Grover, 192, 234, 277 Cloud Man, 49, 61, 63 Cloud Man's band, 64, 66. See also Lake Calhoun village Coleman, Nick, 395, 398, 401 Collier, John, 295, 308, 310 -12, 328, 333, 348, 351, 365, 369 Columbia Fur Company, 42 Columbus, Thomas, 347 Congregational Church, 190 Cooley, Dennis N., 155, 156, 264, 265 Coteau des Prairies, 73, 141, 198, 209 Coursoll, Joseph, 260 n. Court of Indian offenses, at Santee, 184 ; at Devils Lake, 236, 326 Cramsie, John, 231 n., 234 -36, 238 Crawford, Charles, 215 Crawford, T. Hartley, 62 Crazy Horse, vii Crees, 3, 5 Crissey, Charles, 213 Crocker, George, 399 Crooks, Norman M., 387 -90, 393, 404 n. Crow Creek, 143, 149, 152, 161, 198, 264 -65; reservation chosen at, 142 ; Santees removed to, 145, 146, 301 ; suffering at, 147, 148 n., 153, 174 ; placed under Dakota Superintendency. 151 ; Santees removed from, 155 -57, 196 ; missionaries at, 175 Cullen, William J., 100, 102 -3, 106 -9 Curtis, Samuel R., 155 Cuthead bands, 220, 223 Cut Nose, 132 n. Dakota Casino, 381 Dakota County, Minn., 135, 271 Dakota Friend, 96 Dakota language, ix; Carver learns, 16, 17 ; dictionary of, 53, 363 ; teaching in, 96, 177, 187 -89; psalms sung in, 266 ; liturgy in, 288 ; used at Sisseton, 322 ; used at Devils Lake, 326, 333 Dakota Mission, 96 -455- Dakota Sioux Casino, 377 Dakotas (states), 355, 367, 368 Dakota Superintendency, 151 Dakota Territory, 123, 151, 156, 159, 160, 174, 182, 198, 207, 271 Dakota Tribal Industries, 380 -81 Dakota Western (factory), 377 Dakotah Bingo Parlor, 381 Daniel, R. E. L., 306 -7 Daniels, Jared W., 269 ; testimony on atrocities. 120 ; at Ford Wadsworth, 201 -4, 206, 211 ; appointed Sisseton agent, 202 ; at Devils Lake, 221 -22; disburses money, 266 Davenport, Iowa, 41, 144, 153, 156, 165, 196, 242. See also Camp McClellan Davenport, 145 Dawes, Henry L., 328 Dawes Act. 180, 182, 215 -16, 237, 294 Dawson, Gary, 397 Dead Buffalo Lake, Battle of, 134 Declaration of Indian Purpose, 357 Delano, Columbus, 168, 227 Delawares, 362 Demi Douzen, Le. See Shakopee I Denman, Hampton B., 159 -62 Denton, Samuel, 60, 65 Denver, James W., 100, 101 Department of Housing anti Urban Development (HUD), 374 De Peyster, Arent, 19 Depression, 295, 307, 312, 327, 339, 345, 348 Desert, 368 n., 371 n. Des Moines River, vii, 27 Devils Lake, 133, 142, 199, 220, 221, 237 Devils Lake, N. Dak., 313 Devils Lake Indians, 222, 256, 346, 380 ; reject IRA, 329 ; less acculturated, 313. See also Devils Lake Reservation Devils Lake Reservation, viii, 203 n., 207, 220 -41, 296 -97; established by treaty of 1867, 199, 220 ; twentieth century history of, 323 -27, 329 -31, 333 -37, 379 -82 Devil's Nest, 162, 374 D'Iberville, Sieur Pierre Le Moyne. See Iberville, Sieur Pierre Le Moyne d' Dickey County, N. Dak., 134 Dickson, Robert, 28, 29 n., 33 Dodge, Henry, 56 Dole, William P., 113, 143, 150, 262 Dora, 157 Doty, James D., 67, 73, 74 Doty treaties. See Treaties Drummond Island, 30 Duley, William, 129 Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon, Sieur, 6, 7, 9, 24 Eagle Head's village, 137 n. Eanbosandata. See Khemnichan and Red Wing's village East Bazile Creek ( Howe Creek), 178 Eastman. John, 253, 257, 287, 301 Eaton, John H., 50 Eatonville, 50, 52 Ebner, Father Claude, 234 Edmunds, James M., 151 Edmunds, Newton, 151 -53, 155 -56, 198 Edsall, Samuel Cook, 344 Education fund, 60, 65, 81 Elias, Peter D., 402 Ellis, Myron, 395 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 266 Enemy Swim, 376 Enemy Swim day school, 330 Environmental Quality Board, 398 Episcopal Church, begins work with Sioux, 96 ; on Santee Reservation, 176 -77, 179, 187, 305 ; convention at Rosebud, 192 ; among Minnesota Sioux, 272, 280, 284, 287, 289 ; on Sisseton Reservation, 214, 322 n. Episcopal missionaries, 159, 168, 194, 1 95 Evans, George L., 292 Ewing, Charles, 231 Ewing, Thomas, 75 Fallen Timers, Battle of, 72 Fargo, N. Dak., 227, 326 Faribault, Alexander, 258, 260, 261, 263 -66 Faribault, David, 249, 250, 253 Faribault, George W., 225 -456- Faribault, Jean Baptiste, 55 n. Faribault, Minn., 92 n., 99 ; traders at, 91 ; newspaper at, 124, 139 ; Indians gather at, 148, 258, 260, 262 ; colony persists at, 264 -70, 274, 280 ; Indians removed from, 268, 281 Faribault Central Republican, 139, 143 Faribault Democrat, 269 Farmer Indians, 107, 108, 121, 137 n., 200 Favorite, 143 Feast of the Dead, 1 - 4 Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) 308 Fils de Pinchow, Le, 25 Firefly Creek Casino, 393 -94, 405 n. Fire-Leaf Band, 29 Fish and Wildlife Service, 343 Five Civilized Tribes, 216 Flandrau, Charles E., 95, 97 - 100, 102, 242 Flandreau, S. Dak., 242, 247, 383 ; Santees settle at, 165, 168, 242 -43; town develops at, 254 ; selected as site for school, 256 ; population of, 313 ; employment in, 339, 341 ; parade in, 342. See also Flandreau colony Flandreau colony, 174, 242 -57, 269, 313 ; established, 165 ; Indians at Santee Normal Training School from, 176, 178 ; migration from and to, 193, 270, 273 -74, 278, 287, 351 ; compared to Brown Earth, 215 ; accepts IRA, 297, 340 ; twentieth century history of, 337 -42; reservation established, 340, 383 -84 Flandreau Indian school, 256, 330, 338, 341, 383 -84 Flandreau Special Agency, 270 Florence, 146 Folwell, William Watts, 35, 110 n., 113, 114 n. Forbes, William H., 207, 233, 234 ; agent at Devils Lake, 222 -31 Foreman, Grant, 79, 362 Forest City, Minn., 121 Forsyth, Thomas, 29 n., 32 - 34 Fort Abercrombie, 225 Fort Beauharnois, 12, 13, 31 Fort Berthold Reservation, 365, 366 Fort Buford, 221 Fort Garry, 135 Fort L'Huillier, 10 Fort McKay, 29, 33 Fort Peck Reservation, viii Fort Randall, 133, 142, 143, 157, 166 Fort Ransom, 211, 222 Fort Rice, 157, 162 Fort Ridgely, 93 n., 106, 108, 112, 117, 133 ; established, 89 - 90 ; in Spirit Lake Massacre, 98 - 99 ; annuities sent to, 113 ; attacked by Sioux, 118 20, 124, 126, 130 n., Sibley arrives at, 121 Fort St. Anthony, 35. See also Fort Snelling Fort Sisseton, 212 -13. See also Fort Wadsworth Fort Snelling, 25, 38 n., 50, 53 - 54, 57, 63 n., 69, 82, 84, 268 ; established, 35 ; Sioux-Chippewa fight at, 41, 61 ; Virginia arrives at, 43 ; visited by travelers, 46, 52 ; whiskey trade at, 55 ; agency at, 71 ; objective in Uprising, 120 ; Indians confined at, 128, 130, 136, 139, 143, 145 -46, 153, 259 Fort Thompson Sioux, 342 Fort Totten, 220 -21, 223, 227, 234 Fort Totten, N. Dak., 335, 381 -82 Fort Totten, Boarding school, 325, 331 Fort Wadsworth, 152, 221 -23; upper Sioux gather at, 53, 98 - 202 ; renamed, 213 Four Winds Tribal School, 382 Foxes, 11, 12. See also Sac and Fox tribe Fox- Wisconsin route, 15 Frazer, Jack, 260 n. Frazier, George J., 306 n., 307 Frazier, Kendrick, 402 French, the, 3, 8, 9, 14 French and Indian War, 12, 14, 15 French explorers, 1, 15 French policy, 12 French traders, 25 Freniere, Antoine, 259, 260 n. Frink, Frederick W., 99 n. Frontenac, Louis de Baude, Comte de, 10 -457- Frontenac, Minn., 12 Fry, Edwin A., 167, 168, 178, 299 Galbraith, Thomas J., 109 -12, 114, 116, 141, 149, 259 Gall, vii Gardner, Abbie, 99 Garfield, James A., 234 Garrison Dam, 365 Garvie, James, 301, 302 n. Gassman, John g., 171, 177 Gavin, Daniel, 60, 65 Gavins Point Dam, 315 General Allotment Act. See Dawes Act Genoa, Nebr., 185 Gens de la Feuille Tiré. See Fire-Leaf band Georgia, 365 Getchell, F. O., 325, 326 Gethesemane church, 270, 343 Gilbert, Nathan N., 284 Globe Hotel, 56, 57 Godfrey, Joseph, 127, 128 Goldtooth, Tom, 392 Goodall, Otis B., 325 Goodhue, James M., 70 - 71, 78, 79 n., 80 - 81, 85 Goodhue County, Minn., 279, 285, 345, 346, 395 Good Road, 26, 51 Good Road's village, 45, 137 n. Good Shepherd, Church of the, 276 Good Thunder, 274, 276, 278, 279, 287, 288 Good Thunder, Sarah, 288 n. Gooodthunder, Jody, 393 Good Will mission, 203, 322 n., 329, 377 Goose River, 40 Gorman, Willis A., 89, 90, 91 n., 94, 95 Gorrell,James, 14, 25 Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language, 53 Grand Forks, N. Dak., 236 Grand Partisan, Le, 26 Granite Falls, Minn., 215, 313, 345, 350 -53, 394 Grant, Ulysses S., 163, 204, 263 Gray, Orrin C., 329, 333 Great Lakes, 39 Great Plains, viii, 174, 198, 307, 315 Great Sioux Reservation, 243, 256, 301 Green Bay, 5, 14 Greenwood, S. Dak., 248 Grey Cloud Island, Indians living at, 270, 274, 276, 281, 286, 292 Grey Nuns of Montreal, 228, 240 Groseilliers, M&dard Chouart, Sieur des, 1, 2, 5 Guernsey, Orrin, 155 Guignas, Father Michel, 13
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:33:25 GMT -5
Hagan, William T., 402 n. Hamilton, John G., 206, 207, 215 Hancock, Joseph W., 65 Hardacker, William, 397 -98 Hannibal, Mo., 146 Hare, William H., 214 Harlan, James, 158 Harris, Carey A., 56 Harrison, Benjamin, 234, 292 n. Haskell Indian school, 300 Hassrick, Royal B., vii Hastings, Minn., Indians living near. 272, 274, 281, 284 ; land bought at, 279, 282 ; land sold, 283, 292, 343 ; colony disappears, 367 Hastings Democrat, 291 Hayward, Wis., 1 Hazelwood mission, 96, 99, 176 Hazelwood Republic, 102, 107, 122, 168 Heard, Isaac V. D., 126, 127, 146 Hedges, Charles, 271 n. Heffelfinger, Tom ( U.S. Attny.), 396 Heipa-Veblen, 376 Heirship problem, 327, 341. See Land, fractionation of. See also Public Law, 98-513 Helms, James E., 185, 191 -94, 256 Henderson, Minn., 128, 130 n. Hennepin, Father Louis, 6 - 8, 10, 13, 15, 23, 34, 48, 53, 111 Henton, Robert B., 281 -87, 289, 291 Herman, Minn., 209 Herring, Elbert, 52 Hertz, Rudolph, 312 He That Flies. See Kee-e-he-ie Hill, Charles, 184, 285, 301 Hill, James. J., 236 -458- Hindman, D. T., 218 Hinman, Robert H. C., 289, 344 Hinman, Samuel D., works with prisoners, 137, 138 ; accompanies Indians to Crow Creek, 146 ; opposes removal of Santees, 159 ; builds mission, 160, 176 ; opposes elective system, 168, 169 ; comes to Santee, 175 ; sketch of, 179 ; rivalry with other missionaries, 168, 179 -80, 287 ; expelled from Santee, 180 ; removes Sioux from Minnesota, 262 -63, 266 -68; joins Birch Coulee colony, 269, 277, 280 ; dies, 288 Hitchcock, P. W., 167 Hochokaduta (Red Middle Voice), 117 Hoebel, E. Adamson, x Holy Faith, Church of the, 178 Homestead Act, 245, 251 Hope school, 187 Hopis, 363 Hopkins, Robert, 136 House, J. F., 306 n. House Concurrent Resolution, 108, 295 Howard, C. K., 246 Howard, Edgar, 306, 308 Ho Waste Episcopal Indian Mission, 390 Howe Creek, 178 Hudson's Bay Company, 12 Huebschmann, Francis, 95 Huggins, Alexander G., 52 Hughes, Thomas, 110 n., 129 n. Hunkpapas, vii, 221 Hurons, 5, 9, 13 Hutchinson, Minn., 121, 135 Hyde, George E., vii, x, 175 Iapi Oaye (Word Carrier), 178 Iberville, Sieur Pierre Le Moyne d', 12 Ickes, Harold L., 351 Illinois, 18, 72, 362 Indiana, 72, 362 Indian Emergency Conservation Work (IECW), 308,
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:33:50 GMT -5
346, 348 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 396 Indian Health Service, 386 Indian Intercourse Act of 1834, 54, 59 Indian John. See Ma-pi-awa-con-sa Indian Peak Paiute Indians, 334 n. Indian police, at Santee, 164 -65, 172, 184 ; at Devils Lake, 236, 326 Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), 295, 309, 310, 324, 345 ; accepted by Santees, 296, 308, 311 ; accepted by Flandreau Sioux, 297, 340 ; accepted by Minnesota groups, 297, 342 ; rejected by Sisseton, 297, 328, 351 ; rejected by Devils Lake, 297, 329 ; land purchased under, 314, 339, 348, 352, 353 ; repeal proposed, 341 ; applied to upper Sioux, 351 -53 Indian Territory, 167, 216 Indians in Minnesota, 385, 399 Inkpaduta, 97 - 100, 111, 115 Institute for Government Research, 295 Iowa (state), 58 n., 69, 97, 159, 249, 362 Iowa tribe, 39, 40 Iroquois, 6, 8, 9 Island Bingo, 391, 392 Isle Pelée, 9 Isle Royale, 142, 147 n. Issati, vii, 10 Izatys, 6, 7, 13. See also Kathio, Battle of Jacobson, John (Attny.), 393 Jackpot Junction, 392 -93, 396 Jackson, Andrew, 50, 72 Jackson, Henry, 70 n. Jackson, Minn., 98 James River, 152, 153, 159 Jamestown, N. Dak., 227, 230, 236 Jamestown & Northern railroad, 237, 238 Janney, a-- M., 187, 297 ; appointed Santee agent, 163 ; accomplishments of, 164 -65, 172, 180 ; replaced, 171 ; favors school, 177 ; attitude toward Flandreau exodus, 244, 246 Janney, Samuel M., 163 Jefferson, Thomas, 122 n. Jesuit Relations, 5 Jesuits, 5 - 6 Jewett, Andrew, 262 Johnson, A. A., 282 n. Jones, Robinson, 115 Jones, Stephen, 306 n. Josephy, Alvin M., 131
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:34:16 GMT -5
-459- Kahra band, 46 Kandiyohi County, Minn., 120 Kansas, 362 Kapoja. See Kapozha Kapozha, 45, 51, 61, 96, 137 n., 274 ; spelling of, x; location of, 25, 72 n.; visited by Pike, 27 - 28 ; visited by Forsyth, 34 ; visited by Long, 45 ; missions at, 60, 66 Kathio, Battle of, 13, 14, 21 Kavanaugh. B. T., 70 n. Keating, William J., 44 - 46, 48 Kee-e-he-ie, 49 Keeler, Stephen F., 347 Kemble, E. C., 206, 211 Kennedy, John F., 296 Keoxa (Kiyuksa) band. See Kiyuksa village Kettle Hills, 51 Khemnichan, 21. See also Red Wing's village Kidder, J. P., 250 Killdeer Mountains, Battle of, 136 Killiew, 34 Kiyuksa village, 44, 45, 51. See also Wabasha's village Klein, Alien ( Judge), 398 -99 Knickerbacker, David Buel, 270, 271 Knowlton. W. H., 292 Knox County, Nebr., 155, 181, 196, 305 -8, 315 Lac Court Orcille, 1 Lac qui Parle, trader at, 41, 52 ; mission at, 53, 64, 66 -
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:34:57 GMT -5
67 ; Indians at, 63 ; mission abandoned, 96 Lac qui Parle County, Minn., 122 La Crosse, Wis., 93 Lake Calhoun, 49, 52, 53 Lake Calhoun village, 64, 137 n. Lake City, Minn., 271 n. Lake Harriet, 52, 60 Lake Kampeska, 199 Lake Pepin, 9, 12, 18, 31 Lake Pepin (half-breed) reserve, 74 n. Lake Shetek, 120, 129 Lake Superior, 1, 5, 13, 44, 142 Lake Traverse, 11 n., 46, 63, 18, 199, 202, 376 Lake Traverse Reservation. See Sisseton Reservation Lake Winnebago, 29 n. Lampson, Chauncey, 135 Lampson, Nathan, 135 Land, allotment of: at Santee, 165 -66, 180 -82, 191, 193, 255 ; at Sisseton, 208 -9, 215 -17; at Devils Lake, 237 38; fractionation of: at Santee, 298 ; at Sisseton, 327, 332 -33; at Devils Lake, 334 ; leasing of: at Santee, 196, 298, 314 ; at Sisseton, 217, 219, 319, 327 -28, 332 ; at Devils Lake, 324 ; at Flandreau, 341 ; at Minnesota colonies, 343, 344 ; sale of: at Santee, 298 - 300, 314 ; at Sisseton, 317 -19, 332 ; at Devils Lake, 323 -24, 329 ; at Minnesota colonies, 283 Last Days of the Sioux Nation, The, vii Lastt Trek of the Indians, The, 79, 362 Lawrence, Charles, 274, 277, 279 Lawrence, Lorenzo, 131, 132, 166 Lea Luke, 77 - 80, 82, 86, 89, 94, 96 Leavenworth, Henry, 32 Leech, A. W., 305, 306 Leech Lake, 11 n., 14 Le Sueur, Pierre Charles, 10 - 12, 24 Le Sueur, Minn., 26 n., 45 Le Sueur County, Minn., 135 Lewis, Meriwether, 37 Lewis and Clark Lake, 315, 374 Lightner, Isaiah, 173, 178, 180, 183, 191, 192, 271 n., 297 ; appointed Santee agent, 171 ; supervises allotment, 181 -82; replaced, 184 ; sketch of, 185 ; allots land at Sisseton, 216 ; visits Flandreau, 253 -54, 257 Lincoln, Abraham, 127, 128, 130, 132, 138 Lind, John, 284 Liquor problem, 37, 39 - 40, 42, 55, 107 n.; at Santee, 194 -95; at Sisseton, 217 -19, 320 -21; at Devils Lake, 226 ; at Flandreau, 254 ; at Mendota, 277 ; at Birch Coulee, 290 Little Bighorn, Battle of, 167, 232 Little Crow (Chetanwakanmani), x, 25, 28, 29 n., 30 - 33, 35, 40, 45, 51, 58 Little Crow (Taoyateduta), 137 n., 260 ; -460- at treaty of Mendota, 82 - 83 ; visits Washington, 94, 104 ; helps in Inkpaduta search, 100 ; part in Uprising, 110, 114 -15, 117 -19, 121, 123, 131 -32; flees to plains, 130, 133 ; death of, 135 Little Crow's band. See Little Crow's village Little Crow's village, 31, 43, 45, 55 n., 90, 96. See also Kapozha Little Fish, 222 Little Hoop Community College, 382 Little Rapids, 45, 63 n., 76 Little Six Bingo Palace, 388 -89, 390, 391, 395 -96 Locke, Hosea, 256 Logan, Chief, 122 n. Logan, John A., 181 Long, Stephen H., 31 - 34, 44 Long Hollow, 376 Long Hollow day school, 330 -31 n. Los Angeles, Cal., 316 Lott, Henry, 97 Loudoun County, Va., 163 Louis XIV, 8 Louisiana, 12 Lower Agency, 99 n., 120. See also Redwood Agency Lower Mdewakantons, 58 n. Lower Sioux, viii, 105, 106, 117, 198, 288 ; sign treaty of Mendota, 81 ; move to reservation, 90 ; progress among, 102 -3, 108 ; dissatisfaction among, 107, 113 ; part in Uprising, 114, 118, 121 -22. See also Mdewakantons and Wahpekutes Lower Sioux Indian Community, 262, 352, 356, 357 ; accepts IRA, 297 ; land bought at, 349 ; Birch Coulee renamed, 349 ; school at, 350 ; favors termination, 354 ; population loss at, 356 n., 367 ; census, 386 ; effects of Reagan administration cutbacks, 392 ; gaming, 396 ; cemetery, 400 Luverne, Minn., 253 McCleary, J. T., 292 Macdonald, John L., 280 Macgregor, Gordon, 364, 370 McGuire, Mike, 389 McHugh, Michael, 291 n. McIntyre, Frank E., 297, 300, 302 -4 Mackinac, 15, 19, 28. See also Michilimackinac McKinley, William, 292 n. McLaughlin, James, 232 -35; comes to Devils Lake, 224 -25; becomes agent, 231 ; resigns, 234 ; serves as special agent, 291, 323 McLean, Nathaniel, 70, 84, 89 McLeod, Martin, 276 McLeod, Walter S., 276, 279, 281 McLeod County, Minn., 135 McPhail, Samuel, 268 Magnuson, Paul ( U.S. District Judge), 390, 396 Mahas. See Omahas Maher, James, 57 Mah-Kato Mdewakanton Powwow, 399 400 Mahpiya Wichasta. See Cloud Man Maiden Rock, Wis., 274, 278 Manitoba, viii, 313 n. Mankato ( chief), 107, 137 n. Mankato, Minn., 99, 135, 399, 401 ; newspaper in, 124 ; prisoners at, 127 -28, 130, 136 -37, 138 n., 143, 145 ; execution at, 129 -30; relief expedition from, 147 -48, 149 n.; Jewett massacre at, 262 Mankato Record, 139 n. Mankato Weekly Record, 143, 148 n., 260 Mann, Frank T., 344 Manypenny, George, 89, 91, 94 Ma-pi-awa-con-sa, 272 Marble, Margaret Ann, 99 Marble River, 16 Marest, Father Joseph, 8 Marin, Paul, 18 Marquette, Father Jacques, 6 Marsh, John S., 118 Marshall, William R., 267 Mascoutens, 11 Mawhaws. See Omahas Mawtawbauntowahs, 16 Mazakutemane, Paul, 122, 131 -32, 266 Mazasha, 63, 65. See also Red iron Mazazidan, 164 Mdewakantons, viii, 11, 12, 18, 23, 27,
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:35:39 GMT -5
-461- 43, 46, 49, 63, 76, 78, 85 n., 132, 140, 153, 275, 288 n.; location of, vii, 73 ; noted by Carver, 16 ; migrate southward, 21 ; visited by Pike, 26 - 27 ; in War of 1812, 29 ; visited by Long, 31 32, 44 - 46 ; visited by Forsyth, 33 34 ; visited by Schoolcraft, 43 ; sign treaty of 1830, 51 ; sign treaty of 1837, 58 ; sign treaties of 1836, 58 n.; wars with Chippewas, 61 ; numbers, 68 - 69 ; sign Doty treaty, 74 ; sign treaty of Mendota, 81 - 84, 86 ; move to reservation, 90 - 258 ; rove around, 91 ; part in Uprising, 113 ; in prison, 137 ; bill for removal of, 140 ; remain in Minnesota, 275, 277 -78; appropriation for, 275, 277, 280 ; land purchased for, 279, 349 -50; twentiethcentury history of, 342 -45, 345 n., 348. See also Lower Sioux, Scattered Sioux, and Minnesota Sioux colonies Meagley, Wilbert E., 297, 300, 304 Meeker County, Minn., 135 Mendota, Minn., 376 ; Doty meets Indians at, 74 ; treaty made at, 81 - 84, 86 ; Sioux living at, 268, 270 -71, 274, 280 -81, 286, 343 ; dance held at, 277 ; colony abandoned, 292. See also Treaties Menominees, 28, 39, 40 Meriam, Lewis, 295 Meriam Report, 295, 307, 309, 365, 369 Methodist mission, 60, 65 Methodist missionaries, 70 Mexicans, at Lower Sioux, 352 n. Meyer, Harvey K., 306 n. Michigan Territory, 43 Michilimackinac, 27. See also Mackinac Milford Township, Minn., 120 Milk River, 223 Mille Lacs Lake, 6, 7 n., 11 n., 13, 18, 21, 45 - 46, 88 Millenialists, 322 n. Miller, Stephen, 153 Minneapolis, Minn., 270, 345, 354 Minnesota, ii, 40, 159, 174, 222, 249 ; expulsion of Sioux from, viii, 133, 136, 139, 143, 145 -46; exploration of, 1 ; carver Grant in, 33 ; land bought for Indians in, 182 n.; sale of reservation in, 251 ; opposition to location of Indians in, 264, 269 -71, 343, 345, 367 ; discrimination against Indians in, 368. See also Minnesota Sioux colonies, Scattered Sioux, and individual place names Minnesota: A Brief Sketch of Its History, Resources and Advantages, 285 Minnesota Dakota Housing Authority, 385 Minnesota Housing Finance Agency, 385 Minnesota Pioneer, 71, 78, 79 n., 85, 102 n. Minnesota Public Utilities Commission, 399, 406 n. Minnesota River, 16, 66, 73, 74, 76, 107, 262 ; Indians living on, vii, 11, 18, 25, 27, 34, 43, 61, 63 - 65, 90 ; traders on, 13 ; exploration of, 15, 32, 44 ; military posts on, 35, 89 ; lack of game on, 48 ; missions on, 52, 96 ; reservation on, 80 - 81 ; navigation on, 94 ; in Uprising, 117 ; Indians return to, 274. See also St. Peter's River Minnesota Sioux colonies, 193, 297, 313, 365 -66. See also Scattered Sioux andindividual colonies Minnesota Superintendency, 95 Minnesota Territory, 70, 97 Minnesota valley, 99, 118, 120, 163 ; Indians move to, 21 Mission School of the Little Flower, 326, 331 Mississippi River, viii, 10, 12, 15, 25, 30, 33 - 35, 40, 44, 55 - 56, 66, 72, 77, 282 ; Indians on, vii, 11, 21, 259 ; Hennepin on, 6 - 7, 48 ; French control of, 9 ; traders on, 13 ; war on, 20, 28 ; exploration of, 24, 27, 31, 43 ; whiskey settlers on, 60, 68 ; settlers cross, 84 ; navigation on, 93 ; Indians sent down, 145 ; dam on, 349 Missouri, 58 n., 69, 75 Missouri River, vii, 12, 133, 134, 149 n., 159, 182, 210, 223, 230 ; Lewis and Clark ascend, 37 ; reservation chosen -462- on, 142, 156, 158, 260 ; Indians sent up, 146, 157, 162 ; boundary of Great Sioux Reservation, 161 ; fugitives on, 221 -22, 267 ; sedentary tribes on, 232 Missouri River Sioux, 33. See also Tetons Mix, Charles E., 103, 104 Monroe, James, 36 Monroe, Nebr., 185 Montana, viii, 223 Montreal, 10, 13, 18 Morgan, Thomas J., 189 n. Morris, Wyllys K., 203 Morris, Minn., 209, 211 Morrow, Henry A., 224 Morton, Minn., 274, 281. See also Birch Coulee Morton Enterprise, 290, 344 "Moscow Expedition," 147, 152 Mossman, E. D., 320 Mouse (Souris) River, 221 Murphy, Diana ( U.S. District Judge), 393 Murphy, Robert G., 70, 89, 91, 93 - 95 Murray County, Minn., 120 Myrick, Andrew J., 114, 117 Mystic Lake Casino, 394, 395, 397, 404 n. Nash, Philleo, 296 National Congress of American Indians, 367, 368, 370 National Youth Administration (NYA), 312 Native People's Bicentennial Commission, 400 NCAI Sentinel, 370 Nebraska, 293, 355, 367 ; Santee Reservation in, viii, 127 n., 163, 173 ; Minnesota Sioux removed to, 268, 270 ; adopts prohibition, 304 ; discrimination against Indians in, 368 N ebraska Indian Community College, 375 Nebraska Indian tribes, 161 Nebraska Territory, 155, 159 Negro, at Lower Sioux, 352 n. Nehogatawonahs, 15 New Deal, opposition to, 329, 340 New France, 10 New Ulm, Minn., 118 -20, 126, 127 130 n. New Upper Sioux Indian Community, 352. See also
|
|
|
Post by denney on Jul 26, 2006 2:36:11 GMT -5
Upper Indian Community New York, 39 Nicolet, Jean, 5 Niobrara, Nebr., 163, 180 ; townsite of, 158, 160, 175 ; newspaper in, 167, 299 ; flood at, 190 ; commercial club in, 306 ; depression in, 307 ; population of, 313 Niobrara Pioneer, 167, 178, 299 Niobrara Reservation. See Santee Reservation Niobrara River, 155, 157, 264 Niobrara Tribune, 300, 302, 315 Norfolk, Nebr., 314, 316 North Dakota, viii, 136, 141, 332 Northerner, 145 Northern Pacific railroad, 227 Northern States Power Company, 385, 397 -99, 406 n. Northern Superintendency, 95, 151 Norwegian settlers, 246 Notes on the State of Virginia, 122 n. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 397 98 Oak Grove, 66, 67 Oanoska, 45 Oglalas, vii, 175 Ohio, 72, 362 Ohio River, 39, 56 Oklahoma, 361 Okoboji Lakes, 97, 98 Old Agency, 376 Olson, James C., vii, x Omaha, Nebr., 151, 176 Omaha Reservation, 148 Omahas, 16, 40, 151, 290 Operation Desert Storm, 381 Original Levé, L', 26, 33 Other Day, John, 118, 131, 260, 261, 265 Ottawas, 9, 13, 18, 39 Ouabachas. See Wabasha Ouasicoudé, 7, 31 -463- Oudebathons. See Wahpetons Owen, Amos, 400, 401 Pacini, Edith, 398 Pajutazee mission, 96 Panic of 1873, 208 Pan-Indianism, 367 Parker, Ely S., 165, 244 Parker, Gabe E., 308, 310, 31 Parkman, Francis, 71 Patents, issuance of, at Santee, 181 -82, 298 - 300 ; at Sisseton, 215 -16, 317 19; at Devils Lake, 238, 323 -24; at Flandreau, 245, 250, 252 ; at Minnesota colonies, 279 Patriot Chiefs, The, 131 Payments, per capita, at Santee, 195 -96; at Flandreau, 255, 256 ; at Sisseton, 217 -18; at Minnesota colonies, 277, 343 -44 Pearce, Roy Harvey, 360 Peever, S. Dak., 378 Peirce, Charles F., 338, 339 n. Pejuhutazizi church, 353 Pembina, 157, 226 Pendleton, Morris, 392 Penn, William, 35 Pennenshaw. See Pinichon Pentecostalists, 322 n. Perpich, Rudy (Gov.), 400 Perrot, Nicholas, 9, 12 Petit Corbeaux. See Little Crow (Chetanwakanmani) Pettigrew, R. F., 250 Pettijohn, Walter L., 257 Philadelphia, Pa., 56 Phillips, Charles F., 20 Pierce, Franklin, 89 Pierre, S. Dak., 307 Pike, Zeblon M., 24 - 29, 31, 32 Pilot Knob, 82 Pine Island, Minn., 74, 83 Pine Ridge Reservation, 366 Pine Ridge Sioux, 364 Pinichon, 25, 26 n., 34 Pinichon's village, 45, 51 Pipestone, Minn., 11 n. Pipestone Indian school, 330, 344, 351 Pipestone quarry, 106, 257 Pittsburgh, Pa., 56 Plains culture, 14 Poinsett, Joel R., 61 Ponca Agency, 305 Ponca Reservation, 168 Poncas, 167, 300 Pond, Gideon, 32, 52, 64, 66, 68, 82, 136, 270, 363 Pond, Peter, 15, 17, 18, 20 Pond, Samuel W., 23, 32, 34, 37, 52, 60, 64, 66, 67, 75 n., 363 Pontiac, 29 n. Pope, John, 127, 128, 157, 262, 263 Pope, Thomas W., 60 Pope, William C., 276 -77 Portage des Sioux, 30 Potawatomis, 39 Power Sentry (plant), 377 Prairie aux Ailes, 31 Prairie bands, 15 Prairie du Chien, 17, 20, 27 - 29, 31 - 33, 39, 42, 57, 66 ; council of 1825, 39 41, 278 n., council of 1830, 50, 278 n. Prairie Island, 252, 278, 299, 353, 366, 368, 390, 394, 397, 400, 401, 405 n.; location, 9 ; fort built on, 10 ; lands purchased at, 279, 282, 349 ; colony at, 280 -84, 289 -92; IRA accepted by, 297, 348 ; twentieth-century history of, 343 -50, 353 -57; school at, 344, 350 ; Indians favor termination, 354 ; census, 386 ; tribal council, 390 91; bingo, 391 Prairie Sioux, 3, 4, 15 Presbyterian Church, 204, 214, 287, 322 n. Prescott, Leonard, 390, 394, 395 Prescott, Philander, 49, 50, 64, 91, 117 Price, Hiram, 276 Prichette, Kintzing, 100 - 102, 107, 124 Prior Lake, Minn., 348, 349, 384 -85, 388, 389, 390, 394, 395 ; Indians living near, 270, 274, 292 ; lands bought near, 279, 283 ; population of colony, 281 ; aid to Indians near, 284, 347 ; movement of Indians from, 343, 367 ; census, 386. See also Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community -464- Protestant missionaries, 129 Provençalle, Louis, 59 Public Law 98-513, 376 Public Law 99-130, 384 Public Law 459, 380 Quakers. See Society of Friends Radioactive Waste Management Act, 399 Radisson, Pierre Espirit, 1 - 5, 7, 8 Ramsey, Alexander, 93, 96 ; appointed governor of Minnesota, 70 ; urges treaty with Indians, 75 - 77 ; negotiates treaties of 1851, 7 - 87, 89 ; tries to settle dispute with Chippewas, 105 ; in Uprising, 120, 128, 139 ; signs petition, 267 Ramsey, Justus C., 220 Rations, issue of, at Santee, 173, 182 83, 187 ; at
|
|