Post by denney on Aug 19, 2006 18:50:31 GMT -5
July 2004 Newsletter from
"On This Date in North American Indian History"
by Phil Konstantin
Copyright © Phil Konstantin (1996-2004)
Looking for a good book on North American Indians?
Click on the line below:
Good Books
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
==================================================
July 2004 Newsletter from Phil Konstantin - Part 1
==================================================
Greetings,
Here is the start of this month's newsletter. I have either been
exceptionally busy, or doing almost nothing for the last month. I'll
have more on that later.
I was going to add a section about the U.S. government's efforts
to get land claimed by the Western Shoshone (Shoshoni). If you
are not familiar with this, it has caused a great deal of controversy.
There is more than one group that claims to
represent the tribe. From my perspective, it reminds me of
the events leading to what caused the Trail of Tears for the Cherokees
in the 1830s. Joe RedCloud (I post many comments
from him in the newsletter) has offered council to the main
Shoshone group as a representative of the Pine Ridge Sioux.
He kindly wrote me a detailed e-mail talking about this
proposal and some of the controversy related to it. During
a change over in computer systems, I cannot find that e-mail,
or the files I set aside on this issue.
I had the same problem with several articles I found and
e-mails I received about scam charities that pretent to help
Indian people.
I'll add more on both of these stories in the next part of
the newsletter.
Phil
=========================================
X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X
=========================================
Featured Link of the Month for July:
The Sullivan-Clinton Campaign of 1779-2004
This website offers a detailed examination of one of the
largest government expeditions against American Indians.
It features many articles, gallaries, audio & visual material
and other interesting information about the incursion into
the lands of the "Six Nations" of New York. It is well worth
a visit.
sullivanclinton.com/
=========================================
X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X
=========================================
This month's "Treaty of the Month" is:
TREATY WITH THE CADDO, 1835. July 1, 1835. | 7 Stat., 470. |
Proclamation, Feb. 2, 1836.
It covered Lands ceded to the United States; Boundaries;
Indians to remove within one year; Money, etc., to be paid
for cession; An agent of the nation to be appointed by
them
You can see a transcript of the treaty on this website:
digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cad0432.htm
=========================================
X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X
=========================================
Random events in July history (I think this is a new list of
events I have not posted before):
7/1 1835: The Caddo of Louisiana signed a treaty (7 Stat. 470)
with the United States. They gave up their lands and moved out
of the lands and territories held by the United States.
7/2 1543: The remnants of Hernando de Soto’s expedition,
numbering a little over 300 Spaniards led by Luis de Moscoso, boarded
ships in the Indian village of Aminoya to sail down
the Mississippi River to Mexico. They had spent six months in
this village at the confluence of the Mississippi and the
Arkansas Rivers.
7/3 1724: Frenchman Etienne Veniard de Bourgmont left Fort
Orleans en route to the "land of the Padoucas." He was going
there to try to establish peace and trade with them. He was traveling
with "a hundred Missouris, commanded by their Grand
Chief, and eight other Chiefs of war, and by sixty-four Osages,
commanded by four Chiefs of war, besides a few Frenchmen."
7/4 1805: A treaty (7 Stat. 87) with the Wyandot and six
other Indian nations was concluded at Fort Industry on the
Miami River in western Ohio. The treaty made references to
the Greenville Treaty. A new boundary line was established.
The Indians split $825 from the United States and $125 from
the Connecticut Land Company, annually, for 500,00 acres of
land south of Lake Erie (called Sufferers Land). The Indians
were allowed to hunt and fish in their old lands if they did
so peacefully. The treaty was signed by thirty-two Indians.
7/5 1973: An ordinance by the Quechan Indian Tribe, Fort
Yuma, California, had created a zoning and planning commission
on March 20, 1975. Today, that action was ratified by the
tribal council.
7/6 1883: President Grant, by executive order, established
the Yuma Reserve in the Mission Tule Agency in California.
The reservation covered 74.75 square miles and was home for
the Yuma Apache Tribe. The reserve was modified by an order
on August 15, 1894. The reservation was cancelled entirely
by another order on January 9, 1884.
7/7 1742: To retaliate for an attack on St. Augustine
by English from Georgia, Spanish Florida Governor Manuel
Montiano staged an attack on St. Simons Island in Georgia. Montiano’s
force of almost 3,000 consisted of Spaniards and
Yamassee Indians. Forces under James Oglethorpe surprised
the Spaniards. After killing forty Yamassee and 160 Spaniards,
Oglethorpe’s force, consisting of English, Chickasaws,
Creeks and Yamacraw, forced the Spaniards off the island.
7/8 1869: Corporal John Kyle and three men from Troop M,
Fifth Cavalry, were returning to General Carr’s camp when
they were attacked by Indians near the Republican River in
Kansas. While wounding two Indians, Corporal Kyle was able
to lead his men back to the camp. Later that night, Indians attempted to
stampede the camp’s horses. One of Carr’s
Pawnee scouts, Co-rux-the-chod-ish (Mad Bear), was wounded,
but the stampede attempt failed. Mad Bear would be awarded
the Congressional Medal of Honor for his action. He was
accidentally wounded by one of the soldiers. Corporal Kyle
would also be given the Medal of Honor.
7/9 1755: General Edward Braddock’s forces fought a battle.
The French lost sixty men. The British had 456 killed and
421 wounded soldiers out of the 1,459 who took part in the
battle. Other sources say 977 British were killed. Two-thirds
of the British officers were killed or wounded. Many more
British died within a few days. The French (records vary)
had approximately 250 soldiers and up to 600 Indians, of
which 250 were Miami. The exact number of Indian combatants
was lost to history. This incident became known as Braddock’s
Defeat.
7/10 1861: After negotiations with Albert Pike, the
Confederate Indian representative, the Creeks signed a
treaty with the Confederate States of America. The
Confederacy agreed to meet all of the old treaty provisions
and allowed the Indians to send delegates to the Confederate Congress,
in addition to several other significant items.
7/11 1869: General Eugene Carr’s Fifth Cavalry had been
following the trail of hostile Indians for several days.
He found a large village on Summit Springs Creek off the
South Platte, just south of present-day Sterling in
northeastern Colorado. Seven troops of the Fifth Cavalry
and three companies of Pawnee scouts surprised the village
when they attacked. The village was captured and burned.
According to the official army report, fifty-two Indians
were killed, including Chief Tall Bull. Seventeen Indians
were captured. No soldiers were killed in the attack. All
told, 274 horses, 144 mules, a large cache of arms and
ammunition, and $1,500 were seized. Two white women were
prisoners in the camp. The army report said that both were
shot when the soldiers attacked. One died, and the other,
Mrs. Wiechell, was transported to Fort Sedgwick in the
northeastern corner of Colorado, where she recovered. The
army gave Mrs. Wiechell the $1,500.
7/12 1858: A Navajo, who was very angry with his wife,
went to Fort Defiance in northeastern Arizona to sell
blankets. While at the fort and for no apparent reason,
he shot a black boy with an arrow. The boy died a few days
later. The Navajo fled. The fort authorities demanded his
return by Navajo leaders. The Navajos were given until
August 11, 1858, to bring him into the fort. The murderer
was never produced.
7/13 1981: The Paiute Band of Indians in Utah adopted
an official tribal membership roll.
7/14 1637: After the defeat of the Pequot force on May
26, Sassacus and most of the remaining Pequot fled. The
English managed to force them into a swamp. The English
demanded the Pequot to surrender. The women, children,
and sick were let out, but eighty warriors refused to
give up. They charged the English, and twenty escaped,
including Sassacus. The English then attacked the remaining
Indians and killed them all.
7/15 1682: In the name of William Penn, Deputy Governor
Markham made the first recorded purchase of Indian land
in Pennsylvania. Part of what was is now Bucks County
was purchased from fourteen Delaware chiefs for a long
list of supplies.
7/16 1839: Sam Houston negotiated a treaty with the
Cherokees living in Texas. They remained neutral in the
Mexico-Texas conflicts in exchange for title to their
lands. When Houston presented the treaty to the Texas
congress, it was not ratified. A well-equipped force
of almost 500 Texans under General Kelsey Douglass and
Colonels Edward Burleson and Thomas Rusk defeated
approximately 800 Cherokees under Chief Philip "The Bowl"
Bowles at the Battle of the Neches River (near modern
Tyler, Texas). Almost 100 Cherokees were killed or
wounded, including Chief Bowles. The Texans lost only
eight men. The Texas Cherokees left the eastern Texas
area and moved north to Indian Territory (present-day
Oklahoma). Burleson eventually became vice president
of Texas.
7/17 1876: Colonel Wesley Merritt and Troops A, B, D,
G, I, K, and M, Fifth Cavalry, found approximately 800
Indians near Hat Creek (War Bonnet), Wyoming. One Indian
was killed, and another was wounded. The rest were forced
back to their reservation at the Red Cloud Agency. The
one Indian killed was Chief Yellow Hand. He was killed
in the much heralded single combat with William "Buffalo
Bill" Cody.
To see some pictures of the area, visit my website at:
americanindian.net/2003p.html
7/18 1942: The Six Nations declared war on the Axis
powers.
7/19 1837: On Alaqua Creek in Florida, the local militia,
led by Colonel Brown of Jackson County, fought Creek
warriors. The militia won. According to some sources,
many Creeks either emigrated west or went south and
joined the Seminoles after this defeat.
7/20 1843: All told, 674 men, women, and children of
the Wyandot Tribe boarded a steamboat in Cincinnati,
Ohio, bound for Kansas as part of a treaty they signed
giving up their lands in Ohio.
7/21 1878: First Lieutenant T. S. Wallace and fifteen
men from the Third Infantry fought with a band of Nez
Perce near the Middle Fork of the Clearwater River in
Montana. The Nez Perce were wanted for attacking whites
in Montana. They were believed to be former followers
of White Bird, who left British Columbia to return to
their ancestral lands in the United States. According
to army documents from Fort Missoula, six Indians were
killed, three were wounded, and thirty-one were captured.
No soldiers were reported to have been killed. Then soldiers captured
thirty-one horses as well.
7/22 1876: After Custer’s defeat on the Little Big
Horn River (Greasy Grass), Americans sought revenge on
the Plains Indians. One way to get back was to punish
them all, even those who had nothing to do with the
battle and were living peacefully on reservations.
General Sherman received orders to impose military rule
over all of the Plains reservations. All inhabitants
were now considered to be prisoners of war. Congress
authorized the construction of two new forts in the
area of the Yellowstone River.
7/23 1987: The Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Interpretive
Center was officially opened in Alberta, Canada. It was
a World Heritage Site. At this location, local Indians
stampeded buffalo over a cliff, then butchered them and
skinned their hides.
7/24 1967: The assistant secretary of the interior
authorized an election for the adoption of an amendment
to the constitution and bylaws for the Ponca Tribe of
Indians of Oklahoma. The election was held on August 26,
1967.
7/25 1895: Bannock warriors engaged in a fight at Jackson
Hole. The Indians and the settlers were in a dispute over
the provisions of the Fort Bridger Treaty (15 Stat. 673)
signed on July 3, 1868.
7/26 1863: Army forces under General Henry Sibley had
been pursuing the Santee Sioux after their uprising in
Minnesota the year before. Two days earlier, they had a
fight in Kidder County, North Dakota, called the Battle
of Big Mound. They skirmished again near Dead Buffalo Lake.
After a few exchanges, the Sioux retreated.
7/27 1889: Not long after the establishment of the
Great Sioux Reservation the U.S. government decided to
try to reduce the Indians’ holdings once again. The plan
was to establish several smaller reservations and to open
up millions of acres for white settlement. Led by General
George Crook, the treaty commission arrived at the Standing
Rock Agency to convince the Sioux to sell their lands for
$1.50 an acre. A previous commission’s efforts to offer them
fifty cents an acre failed miserably.
7/28 1864: According to some sources, over 5,000 Santee
and Teton Sioux engaged in a battle at Killdeer, North
Dakota, with over 2,000 soldiers. General Alfred Sully
led the army, and Chief Inkpaduta led the Sioux. Artillery eventually
won the day for the soldiers.
To see some pictures of the area, visit my website at:
americanindian.net/2003u.html
7/29 1857: Colonel Edwin "Old Bull" Sumner, with
three companies of infantry and six troops of cavalry,
was proceeding down the Solomon’s Fork River in western
Kansas. The cavalry was a few miles ahead of the infantry
when they encountered 300 Cheyenne warriors. The Indians
were rested. The soldiers were tired. A running battle
ensued with a few deaths on either side. Sumner’s cavalry
held their own against a large group of Cheyenne. The
Cheyenne had been told by a medicine man they would be
immune to the soldier’s bullets if the washed themselves
in a sacred spring. This was one of the rare occasions
when the Cheyenne faced the soldiers in an open battle.
The medicine man was wrong. Disheartened by the "bad
medicine," the Cheyenne took flight. The cavalry charged
and followed the Indians for miles. One of the officers
wounded in the battle was J.E.B. Stuart. Soldiers called
this the Battle of Solomon’s Fork.
7/30 1957: The state of Florida recognized the Miccosuke
Seminole Nation.
7/31 1885: Louis Riel addressed the jury in his own
defense. He had pleaded insanity based on his lawyer’s recommendation.
Today he denied that he was insane. He
said he had a mission to help all the peoples of northwestern Canada. He
was found guilty by the jury.
=========================================
X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X
=========================================
That's it for now, there is more to come.
Phil
=========================================================
End of July 2004 Newsletter from Phil Konstantin - Part 1
=========================================================
.
.
.
.
.
.
==================================================
July 2004 Newsletter from Phil Konstantin - Part 2
==================================================
Greetings,
FYI, Part 1 of this newsletter may have been labled as May
2004. The newsletter you received a few days ago, was the
July newsletter - Part 1.
I mentioned in Part 1 that I have either been exceptionally
busy, or doing almost nothing for the last month. There
were two reasons for this. I have been doing my normal job.
Plus, I have been talking some classes on the proper use
of two pieces of software: Photoshop and Flash. About a
month ago, I had a surgical procedure called "Ambulatory Phlebectomy,"
or ligation of the great saphenous vein.
This was to treat a serious case of varicose veins. This
appears to have been causing poor circulation in my lower
leg, and increasing pain in the same area for the last
five years. Put simply, "Ambulatory Phlebectomy" is the
removal of a small section of one of the veins. In my
case, it was done just where my leg joins my pelvis.
They also did what is called sclerotherapy. In this
procedure, your doctor injects the vein with a solution
that scars those vein. The process closes the vein,
forcing your blood to reroute to healthier veins. The
procedure lasted about 45 minutes. It wasn't too bad.
They did hit a nerve that wasn't deadened. That hurt
a bit. I was able to walk out on my own. My daughter
Sarah came with me, and drove me home. I had to keep
my leg propped up as much as I could for a couple of
days. This happened on my days off, so I went back to
work without missing any time. I still get a twinge or
two at the scene of the incision. It is occasionally
sore where the vein is slowly closing down. Varicose
veins run in the family. My father had a similar operation
about 20 years ago. I'm doing well, and the incision
has been healing nicely.
Now, if I could just lose 100 pounds! :-)
For those of you that have been interested in getting a copy
f my book, but could not afford it, it has gone down in price, recently.
You can get a brand new copy for $14.00 (+s&h), and a "used" copy from
dealers who returned ones that did not sell
for about $4-5 (+s&h) through any of the links on my website.
Most of the listed "used" copies have a mark on them to show
they were once offered for sale, but were returned. Here is
the link for my store page:
americanindian.net/store.html
There will be a part 3 in a day or two. It will have a movie
review (Greu Owl), and anything else I forgot to put in this
edition.
Phil
=========================================
X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X
=========================================
I also mentioned in Part 1 that I had planned on presenting
some material on the land issues facing the Western Shoshone.
Some computer problems led to me losing a lot of the material
I had collected, including some detailed e-mails. I will post
here a couple of links to some newspaper articles and a website
from the Western Shoshone Defense Project:
Western Shoshone Defense Project
www.wsdp.org/
An Open Letter to the President of the United States from the
Western Shoshone Nation - The Worst Case of Injustice to be
Inflicted Upon American Indians in More than a Century
www.indiancountry.com/?1088003040
Bush signs Western Shoshone payout bill into law
64.62.196.98/News/2004/003287.asp
Bush signs Western Shoshone legislation
www.indiancountry.com/?1089383970
Mohawk: Western Shoshone case shows need for unity
www.indiancountry.com/?1089384977
Official Western Shoshone Opposition to H.R. 884
www.indiancountry.com/?1088793641
Western Shoshone buy-out bill passes House
www.indiancountry.com/?1087923198
"On This Date in North American Indian History"
by Phil Konstantin
Copyright © Phil Konstantin (1996-2004)
Looking for a good book on North American Indians?
Click on the line below:
Good Books
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
==================================================
July 2004 Newsletter from Phil Konstantin - Part 1
==================================================
Greetings,
Here is the start of this month's newsletter. I have either been
exceptionally busy, or doing almost nothing for the last month. I'll
have more on that later.
I was going to add a section about the U.S. government's efforts
to get land claimed by the Western Shoshone (Shoshoni). If you
are not familiar with this, it has caused a great deal of controversy.
There is more than one group that claims to
represent the tribe. From my perspective, it reminds me of
the events leading to what caused the Trail of Tears for the Cherokees
in the 1830s. Joe RedCloud (I post many comments
from him in the newsletter) has offered council to the main
Shoshone group as a representative of the Pine Ridge Sioux.
He kindly wrote me a detailed e-mail talking about this
proposal and some of the controversy related to it. During
a change over in computer systems, I cannot find that e-mail,
or the files I set aside on this issue.
I had the same problem with several articles I found and
e-mails I received about scam charities that pretent to help
Indian people.
I'll add more on both of these stories in the next part of
the newsletter.
Phil
=========================================
X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X
=========================================
Featured Link of the Month for July:
The Sullivan-Clinton Campaign of 1779-2004
This website offers a detailed examination of one of the
largest government expeditions against American Indians.
It features many articles, gallaries, audio & visual material
and other interesting information about the incursion into
the lands of the "Six Nations" of New York. It is well worth
a visit.
sullivanclinton.com/
=========================================
X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X
=========================================
This month's "Treaty of the Month" is:
TREATY WITH THE CADDO, 1835. July 1, 1835. | 7 Stat., 470. |
Proclamation, Feb. 2, 1836.
It covered Lands ceded to the United States; Boundaries;
Indians to remove within one year; Money, etc., to be paid
for cession; An agent of the nation to be appointed by
them
You can see a transcript of the treaty on this website:
digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cad0432.htm
=========================================
X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X+X
=========================================
Random events in July history (I think this is a new list of
events I have not posted before):
7/1 1835: The Caddo of Louisiana signed a treaty (7 Stat. 470)
with the United States. They gave up their lands and moved out
of the lands and territories held by the United States.
7/2 1543: The remnants of Hernando de Soto’s expedition,
numbering a little over 300 Spaniards led by Luis de Moscoso, boarded
ships in the Indian village of Aminoya to sail down
the Mississippi River to Mexico. They had spent six months in
this village at the confluence of the Mississippi and the
Arkansas Rivers.
7/3 1724: Frenchman Etienne Veniard de Bourgmont left Fort
Orleans en route to the "land of the Padoucas." He was going
there to try to establish peace and trade with them. He was traveling
with "a hundred Missouris, commanded by their Grand
Chief, and eight other Chiefs of war, and by sixty-four Osages,
commanded by four Chiefs of war, besides a few Frenchmen."
7/4 1805: A treaty (7 Stat. 87) with the Wyandot and six
other Indian nations was concluded at Fort Industry on the
Miami River in western Ohio. The treaty made references to
the Greenville Treaty. A new boundary line was established.
The Indians split $825 from the United States and $125 from
the Connecticut Land Company, annually, for 500,00 acres of
land south of Lake Erie (called Sufferers Land). The Indians
were allowed to hunt and fish in their old lands if they did
so peacefully. The treaty was signed by thirty-two Indians.
7/5 1973: An ordinance by the Quechan Indian Tribe, Fort
Yuma, California, had created a zoning and planning commission
on March 20, 1975. Today, that action was ratified by the
tribal council.
7/6 1883: President Grant, by executive order, established
the Yuma Reserve in the Mission Tule Agency in California.
The reservation covered 74.75 square miles and was home for
the Yuma Apache Tribe. The reserve was modified by an order
on August 15, 1894. The reservation was cancelled entirely
by another order on January 9, 1884.
7/7 1742: To retaliate for an attack on St. Augustine
by English from Georgia, Spanish Florida Governor Manuel
Montiano staged an attack on St. Simons Island in Georgia. Montiano’s
force of almost 3,000 consisted of Spaniards and
Yamassee Indians. Forces under James Oglethorpe surprised
the Spaniards. After killing forty Yamassee and 160 Spaniards,
Oglethorpe’s force, consisting of English, Chickasaws,
Creeks and Yamacraw, forced the Spaniards off the island.
7/8 1869: Corporal John Kyle and three men from Troop M,
Fifth Cavalry, were returning to General Carr’s camp when
they were attacked by Indians near the Republican River in
Kansas. While wounding two Indians, Corporal Kyle was able
to lead his men back to the camp. Later that night, Indians attempted to
stampede the camp’s horses. One of Carr’s
Pawnee scouts, Co-rux-the-chod-ish (Mad Bear), was wounded,
but the stampede attempt failed. Mad Bear would be awarded
the Congressional Medal of Honor for his action. He was
accidentally wounded by one of the soldiers. Corporal Kyle
would also be given the Medal of Honor.
7/9 1755: General Edward Braddock’s forces fought a battle.
The French lost sixty men. The British had 456 killed and
421 wounded soldiers out of the 1,459 who took part in the
battle. Other sources say 977 British were killed. Two-thirds
of the British officers were killed or wounded. Many more
British died within a few days. The French (records vary)
had approximately 250 soldiers and up to 600 Indians, of
which 250 were Miami. The exact number of Indian combatants
was lost to history. This incident became known as Braddock’s
Defeat.
7/10 1861: After negotiations with Albert Pike, the
Confederate Indian representative, the Creeks signed a
treaty with the Confederate States of America. The
Confederacy agreed to meet all of the old treaty provisions
and allowed the Indians to send delegates to the Confederate Congress,
in addition to several other significant items.
7/11 1869: General Eugene Carr’s Fifth Cavalry had been
following the trail of hostile Indians for several days.
He found a large village on Summit Springs Creek off the
South Platte, just south of present-day Sterling in
northeastern Colorado. Seven troops of the Fifth Cavalry
and three companies of Pawnee scouts surprised the village
when they attacked. The village was captured and burned.
According to the official army report, fifty-two Indians
were killed, including Chief Tall Bull. Seventeen Indians
were captured. No soldiers were killed in the attack. All
told, 274 horses, 144 mules, a large cache of arms and
ammunition, and $1,500 were seized. Two white women were
prisoners in the camp. The army report said that both were
shot when the soldiers attacked. One died, and the other,
Mrs. Wiechell, was transported to Fort Sedgwick in the
northeastern corner of Colorado, where she recovered. The
army gave Mrs. Wiechell the $1,500.
7/12 1858: A Navajo, who was very angry with his wife,
went to Fort Defiance in northeastern Arizona to sell
blankets. While at the fort and for no apparent reason,
he shot a black boy with an arrow. The boy died a few days
later. The Navajo fled. The fort authorities demanded his
return by Navajo leaders. The Navajos were given until
August 11, 1858, to bring him into the fort. The murderer
was never produced.
7/13 1981: The Paiute Band of Indians in Utah adopted
an official tribal membership roll.
7/14 1637: After the defeat of the Pequot force on May
26, Sassacus and most of the remaining Pequot fled. The
English managed to force them into a swamp. The English
demanded the Pequot to surrender. The women, children,
and sick were let out, but eighty warriors refused to
give up. They charged the English, and twenty escaped,
including Sassacus. The English then attacked the remaining
Indians and killed them all.
7/15 1682: In the name of William Penn, Deputy Governor
Markham made the first recorded purchase of Indian land
in Pennsylvania. Part of what was is now Bucks County
was purchased from fourteen Delaware chiefs for a long
list of supplies.
7/16 1839: Sam Houston negotiated a treaty with the
Cherokees living in Texas. They remained neutral in the
Mexico-Texas conflicts in exchange for title to their
lands. When Houston presented the treaty to the Texas
congress, it was not ratified. A well-equipped force
of almost 500 Texans under General Kelsey Douglass and
Colonels Edward Burleson and Thomas Rusk defeated
approximately 800 Cherokees under Chief Philip "The Bowl"
Bowles at the Battle of the Neches River (near modern
Tyler, Texas). Almost 100 Cherokees were killed or
wounded, including Chief Bowles. The Texans lost only
eight men. The Texas Cherokees left the eastern Texas
area and moved north to Indian Territory (present-day
Oklahoma). Burleson eventually became vice president
of Texas.
7/17 1876: Colonel Wesley Merritt and Troops A, B, D,
G, I, K, and M, Fifth Cavalry, found approximately 800
Indians near Hat Creek (War Bonnet), Wyoming. One Indian
was killed, and another was wounded. The rest were forced
back to their reservation at the Red Cloud Agency. The
one Indian killed was Chief Yellow Hand. He was killed
in the much heralded single combat with William "Buffalo
Bill" Cody.
To see some pictures of the area, visit my website at:
americanindian.net/2003p.html
7/18 1942: The Six Nations declared war on the Axis
powers.
7/19 1837: On Alaqua Creek in Florida, the local militia,
led by Colonel Brown of Jackson County, fought Creek
warriors. The militia won. According to some sources,
many Creeks either emigrated west or went south and
joined the Seminoles after this defeat.
7/20 1843: All told, 674 men, women, and children of
the Wyandot Tribe boarded a steamboat in Cincinnati,
Ohio, bound for Kansas as part of a treaty they signed
giving up their lands in Ohio.
7/21 1878: First Lieutenant T. S. Wallace and fifteen
men from the Third Infantry fought with a band of Nez
Perce near the Middle Fork of the Clearwater River in
Montana. The Nez Perce were wanted for attacking whites
in Montana. They were believed to be former followers
of White Bird, who left British Columbia to return to
their ancestral lands in the United States. According
to army documents from Fort Missoula, six Indians were
killed, three were wounded, and thirty-one were captured.
No soldiers were reported to have been killed. Then soldiers captured
thirty-one horses as well.
7/22 1876: After Custer’s defeat on the Little Big
Horn River (Greasy Grass), Americans sought revenge on
the Plains Indians. One way to get back was to punish
them all, even those who had nothing to do with the
battle and were living peacefully on reservations.
General Sherman received orders to impose military rule
over all of the Plains reservations. All inhabitants
were now considered to be prisoners of war. Congress
authorized the construction of two new forts in the
area of the Yellowstone River.
7/23 1987: The Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Interpretive
Center was officially opened in Alberta, Canada. It was
a World Heritage Site. At this location, local Indians
stampeded buffalo over a cliff, then butchered them and
skinned their hides.
7/24 1967: The assistant secretary of the interior
authorized an election for the adoption of an amendment
to the constitution and bylaws for the Ponca Tribe of
Indians of Oklahoma. The election was held on August 26,
1967.
7/25 1895: Bannock warriors engaged in a fight at Jackson
Hole. The Indians and the settlers were in a dispute over
the provisions of the Fort Bridger Treaty (15 Stat. 673)
signed on July 3, 1868.
7/26 1863: Army forces under General Henry Sibley had
been pursuing the Santee Sioux after their uprising in
Minnesota the year before. Two days earlier, they had a
fight in Kidder County, North Dakota, called the Battle
of Big Mound. They skirmished again near Dead Buffalo Lake.
After a few exchanges, the Sioux retreated.
7/27 1889: Not long after the establishment of the
Great Sioux Reservation the U.S. government decided to
try to reduce the Indians’ holdings once again. The plan
was to establish several smaller reservations and to open
up millions of acres for white settlement. Led by General
George Crook, the treaty commission arrived at the Standing
Rock Agency to convince the Sioux to sell their lands for
$1.50 an acre. A previous commission’s efforts to offer them
fifty cents an acre failed miserably.
7/28 1864: According to some sources, over 5,000 Santee
and Teton Sioux engaged in a battle at Killdeer, North
Dakota, with over 2,000 soldiers. General Alfred Sully
led the army, and Chief Inkpaduta led the Sioux. Artillery eventually
won the day for the soldiers.
To see some pictures of the area, visit my website at:
americanindian.net/2003u.html
7/29 1857: Colonel Edwin "Old Bull" Sumner, with
three companies of infantry and six troops of cavalry,
was proceeding down the Solomon’s Fork River in western
Kansas. The cavalry was a few miles ahead of the infantry
when they encountered 300 Cheyenne warriors. The Indians
were rested. The soldiers were tired. A running battle
ensued with a few deaths on either side. Sumner’s cavalry
held their own against a large group of Cheyenne. The
Cheyenne had been told by a medicine man they would be
immune to the soldier’s bullets if the washed themselves
in a sacred spring. This was one of the rare occasions
when the Cheyenne faced the soldiers in an open battle.
The medicine man was wrong. Disheartened by the "bad
medicine," the Cheyenne took flight. The cavalry charged
and followed the Indians for miles. One of the officers
wounded in the battle was J.E.B. Stuart. Soldiers called
this the Battle of Solomon’s Fork.
7/30 1957: The state of Florida recognized the Miccosuke
Seminole Nation.
7/31 1885: Louis Riel addressed the jury in his own
defense. He had pleaded insanity based on his lawyer’s recommendation.
Today he denied that he was insane. He
said he had a mission to help all the peoples of northwestern Canada. He
was found guilty by the jury.
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That's it for now, there is more to come.
Phil
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End of July 2004 Newsletter from Phil Konstantin - Part 1
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July 2004 Newsletter from Phil Konstantin - Part 2
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Greetings,
FYI, Part 1 of this newsletter may have been labled as May
2004. The newsletter you received a few days ago, was the
July newsletter - Part 1.
I mentioned in Part 1 that I have either been exceptionally
busy, or doing almost nothing for the last month. There
were two reasons for this. I have been doing my normal job.
Plus, I have been talking some classes on the proper use
of two pieces of software: Photoshop and Flash. About a
month ago, I had a surgical procedure called "Ambulatory Phlebectomy,"
or ligation of the great saphenous vein.
This was to treat a serious case of varicose veins. This
appears to have been causing poor circulation in my lower
leg, and increasing pain in the same area for the last
five years. Put simply, "Ambulatory Phlebectomy" is the
removal of a small section of one of the veins. In my
case, it was done just where my leg joins my pelvis.
They also did what is called sclerotherapy. In this
procedure, your doctor injects the vein with a solution
that scars those vein. The process closes the vein,
forcing your blood to reroute to healthier veins. The
procedure lasted about 45 minutes. It wasn't too bad.
They did hit a nerve that wasn't deadened. That hurt
a bit. I was able to walk out on my own. My daughter
Sarah came with me, and drove me home. I had to keep
my leg propped up as much as I could for a couple of
days. This happened on my days off, so I went back to
work without missing any time. I still get a twinge or
two at the scene of the incision. It is occasionally
sore where the vein is slowly closing down. Varicose
veins run in the family. My father had a similar operation
about 20 years ago. I'm doing well, and the incision
has been healing nicely.
Now, if I could just lose 100 pounds! :-)
For those of you that have been interested in getting a copy
f my book, but could not afford it, it has gone down in price, recently.
You can get a brand new copy for $14.00 (+s&h), and a "used" copy from
dealers who returned ones that did not sell
for about $4-5 (+s&h) through any of the links on my website.
Most of the listed "used" copies have a mark on them to show
they were once offered for sale, but were returned. Here is
the link for my store page:
americanindian.net/store.html
There will be a part 3 in a day or two. It will have a movie
review (Greu Owl), and anything else I forgot to put in this
edition.
Phil
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I also mentioned in Part 1 that I had planned on presenting
some material on the land issues facing the Western Shoshone.
Some computer problems led to me losing a lot of the material
I had collected, including some detailed e-mails. I will post
here a couple of links to some newspaper articles and a website
from the Western Shoshone Defense Project:
Western Shoshone Defense Project
www.wsdp.org/
An Open Letter to the President of the United States from the
Western Shoshone Nation - The Worst Case of Injustice to be
Inflicted Upon American Indians in More than a Century
www.indiancountry.com/?1088003040
Bush signs Western Shoshone payout bill into law
64.62.196.98/News/2004/003287.asp
Bush signs Western Shoshone legislation
www.indiancountry.com/?1089383970
Mohawk: Western Shoshone case shows need for unity
www.indiancountry.com/?1089384977
Official Western Shoshone Opposition to H.R. 884
www.indiancountry.com/?1088793641
Western Shoshone buy-out bill passes House
www.indiancountry.com/?1087923198